INTEODUCTION. 



BEFORE we begin to consider the phenomena of mind 

 throughout the animal kingdom it is desirable that we 

 should understand, as far as possible, what it is that we 

 exactly mean by mind. Now, by mind we may mean two 

 very different things, according as we contemplate it in 

 our own individual selves, or in other organisms. For if 

 we contemplate our own mind, we have an immediate 

 cognizance of a certain flow of thoughts or feelings, which 

 are the most ultimate things, and indeed the only things, 

 of which we are cognisant. But if we contemplate mind 

 in other persons or organisms, we have no such imme- 

 diate cognizance of thoughts or feelings. In such cases 

 we can only infer the existence and the nature of 

 thoughts and feelings from the activities of the organisms 

 which appear to exhibit them. Thus it is that we may 

 have a subjective analysis of mind and an objective 

 analysis of mind - the difference between the two con- 

 sisting in this, that in our subjective analysis we are 

 restricted to the limits of a single isolated mind which 

 we call our own, and within the territory of which we 

 have immediate cognizance of all the processes that are 

 going on, or at any rate of all the processes that fall 

 within the scope of our introspection. But in our ob- 

 jective analysis of other or foreign minds we have no 

 such immediate cognizance; all our knowledge of their 

 operations is derived, as it were, through the medium of 

 ambassadors these ambassadors being the activities of 

 the organism. Hence it is evident that in our study of 

 animal intelligence we are wholly restricted to the ob- 

 jective method. Starting from what I know subjectively 



