432 AND1AL INTELLIGENCE. 



and looked calmly at us, as if he knew we were friends. In 

 fact, we had some little difficulty in getting him to move away, 

 which he did readily enough when he chose. Was not this a 

 case of reason and good sense overpowering natural instinct ? 



Couch says ('Illustrations of Instinct,' p. 178): 

 * Derham quotes Olaus in his account of Norway as 

 having himself witnessed the fact of a fox dropping his 

 tail among the rocks on the sea-shore to catch the crabs 

 below, and hauling up and devouring such as laid hold 

 of it,' 



Under the present heading I must not omit to refer 

 to an interesting class of instincts which are manifested 

 by those species of the genus Canis, whose custom it is to 

 hunt in packs. The instincts to which I refer are those 

 which lead to a combination among different members of 

 the same pack for the capture of prey by stratagem. These 

 instincts, which no doubt arose and are now maintained by 

 intelligent adaptation to the requirements of the chase, I 

 shall call 'collective instincts.' Thus Sir E. Tennent 

 writes : 



At dusk, and after nightfall, a pack of jackals, having 

 watched a hare or a small deer take refuge in one of these 

 retreats, immediately surrounded it on all sides; and having 

 stationed a few to watch the path by which the game entered, 

 the leader commences the attack by raising the cry peculiar to 

 their race, and which resembles the sound ' okkay ' loudly and 

 rapidly repeated. The whole party then rush into the jungle 

 and drive out the victim, which generally falls into the ambush 

 previously laid to entrap it. 



A native gentleman, who had favourable opportunities of 

 observing the movements of these animals, informed me that 

 when a jackal has brought down his game and killed it, his 

 first impulse is to hide it in the nearest jungle, whence he issues 

 with an air of easy indifference to observe whether anything 

 more powerful than himself may be at hand, from which he 

 might encounter the risk of being despoiled of his capture. If 

 the coast be clear he returns to the concealed carcass and carries 

 it away, followed by his companions. But if a man be in sight, 

 or any other animal to be avoided, my informant has seen the 

 jackal seize a cocoa-nut husk in his mouth, or any similar sub- 

 stance, and fly at full speed, as if eager to carry off his pretended 



