io Studies in Animal Behavior 



comparative psychologists these questions, except 

 perhaps the last, are no longer in the foreground of 

 interest. Professor John Dewey has remarked that 

 in philosophy we do not solve our problems; we 

 get over them. And these old questions about the 

 animal mind that have so long perplexed enquiring 

 spirits we have now gotten over, rather than solved, 

 and left behind in order to turn our attention to 

 more fruitful subjects of investigation. 



Modern psychology troubles itself very little 

 about the soul as an object of enquiry, and animal 

 psychology concerns itself with this subject still less. 

 There are a number of questions about conscious- 

 ness which still occupy us. Where did consciousness 

 begin in the course of evolution, if it can be said to 

 have had a beginning at all? How is consciousness 

 related to the bodily structure of the organism? 

 What are the criteria by which its presence in an 

 organism may be recognized? How does it influ- 

 ence behavior, if we grant that it can influence be- 

 havior? these and many other related problems 

 continue to perplex the scientific worker and the 

 metaphysician alike. But many of the problems are 

 beginning to recede from the foreground of inter- 

 est, and to a considerable extent we may get over 

 them in the future and leave them to one side, al- 

 though at some time we may recur to them with re- 

 newed insight and find that they wear a quite dif- 

 ferent aspect. 



Even among the ancient Greeks we find much 



