250 Studies in Animal Behavior 



nail and got the apple, as she did also at the next 

 trial. 



In these experiments, even at first, Lizzie did not 

 reach for the apple directly. She seemed to appre- 

 ciate from her inspection of the situation that the 

 apple could not be secured in this way. Her first 

 efforts were directed to the means of attaining the 

 desired end, and when the nail was driven into the 

 board she seemed to apprehend at once how it could 

 serve her purpose. There was no employment of 

 the method of trial and error; there was direct ap- 

 propriate action following the perception of her re- 

 lation to board, nail and apple. 



After the fourth trial, when the board was in its 

 usual position and before the apple was on it, Lizzie 

 reached out and pulled it in. In the fifth trial, when 

 the apple was replaced, she seized the board by the 

 side and pulled it in after considerable effort and 

 got the food. Then the board was replaced with 

 no apple on it, but it was pulled in again in appar- 

 ent expectation of the usual reward. This futile 

 performance was repeated several times. Finally 

 Lizzie grew weary of her wasted efforts and would 

 no longer respond. Then a piece of apple was placed 

 about six inches to one side of the board. After 

 making an ineffectual attempt to reach the apple 

 directly, Lizzie seized the board and pulled it in. 

 She did this six times, after which she sat looking 

 at the apple and whining. Then I placed the apple 

 on the board, which was immediately pulled in by 



