GENUS 7. 



FERN FAMILY. 



21 



g. Dryopteris Filix-mas (L.) Schott. Male Fern. Fig. 45. 



Polypodium Filix-mas L. Sp. PL 1090. 1753. 



Aspidium Filix-mas Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. i8oo 2 : 38. 



1801. 

 Dryopteris Filix-mas Schott, Gen. Fil. 1834. 



Rootstock stout, woody, ascending or erect, chaffy. 

 Leaves up to 4 high, in an erect crown ; stipes 4'-io' 

 long, densely chaffy below ; blades nearly evergreen, 

 i-3 long, 6'-ii' broad, broadly oblong-lanceolate, 

 acuminate, narrowed at the base, nearly or quite 2-pin- 

 nate ; pinnae narrowly deltoid-lanceolate to oblong- 

 lanceolate, acuminate ; segments adnate, oblong, obtuse 

 and biserrate, or partially adnate, ovate-oblong, acutish 

 and deeply incised ; sori numerous, large, nearer the 

 midvein than the margin ; indusia orbicular-reniform, 

 glabrous. 



In rocky woods, Newfoundland and Labrador to Alaska, 

 south to Vermont, northern Michigan, South Dakota, Ari- 

 zona and California. Aug. Also in Greenland. Numer- 

 ous related forms of wide distribution are referred to this 

 species ; the type is European. The rootstock of this and 

 the preceding species furnish the drug Filix-mas used as 

 a vermifuge. Basket-fern. Male shield-fern. Shield-roots. 

 Bear's-paw-roots. Sweet or knotty brake. 



10. Dryopteris spinulosa (Muell.) Knntze. 

 Spinulose Shield-fern. Fig. 46. 



Polypodium spinulosum Muell. FL Fridr. 113. /. 2. 1767. 

 Aspidium spinulosum Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. i8oo 2 : 38. 



1801. 

 Dryopteris spinulosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 813. 1891. 



Rootstock stout, creeping, chaffy. Leaves in an in- 

 complete crown, the taller erect, the others spreading, 

 stipes 4'-i4' long, with pale brownish scales ; blades 

 i-i4 long, 3i'-o/ broad, ovate-lanceolate to oblong, 

 acuminate, deeply 2-pinnatifid ; pinnae usually oblique, 

 pinnately divided, the lower ones unequally deltoid, 

 those above lanceolate from a broad base, acuminate ; 

 pinnules flat, oblong to lanceolate, acute, dectirrent, 

 pinnately cut, segments incised, teeth mucronate, falcate, 

 appressed ; sori submarginal, terminal on veinlets ; in- 

 dusia without glands. 



In rich low woods, Labrador to Selkirk and Idaho, to 

 Virginia and Kentucky. Also in Europe. Called also 

 Narrow Prickly-toothed Fern. 



ii. Dryopteris dilatata (Hoffm.) Gray. Spreading Shield-fern. Fig. 47. 



Polypodium dilatatum Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. 2: 7. 1795. 

 Aspidium spinulosum var. dilatatum Hook. Brit. FL 444. 



1830. 

 Dryopteris spinulosa var. dilatata Underw. Nat. Ferns, ed. 



4, 116. 1893. 



Rootstock creeping, or ascending. Leaves equal, 

 spreading, in a complete crown; stipes 4-ii long, with 

 dark brownish often darker-centered scales ; blades 

 | _2f long, 4-16' broad, triangular to ovate or broadly 

 oblong, acuminate, 3-pinnatifid ; pinnae variable, the 

 lower ones broadly and unequally ovate or triangular, 

 those above lanceolate to oblong, acute or acuminate, 

 the lowermost at least pinnately divided ; pinnules con- 

 vex, oblong to lanceolate, acute, the largest not decur- 

 rent, pinnately divided, segments pinnately lobed, teeth 

 mucronate, straight or falcate, usually not appressed ; 

 sori mostly subterminal ; indusia glabrous, or with a 

 few glands. 



A high mountain species of rocky woods, Newfoundland 

 to Alaska, California, Idaho. Tennessee and North Caro- 

 lina, Greenland. Also in Eurasia, Japan and the Madeira 

 Islands. Broad Prickly-toothed Wood-fern. 



