THE VIT AMINES IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM 137 



to obtain a phosphorus-free diet in this way, whereas in reality, he 

 was dealing with a vitamine-free diet. Influenced by our work, 

 Heubner later recognized the importance of the vitamines. From the 

 work of Schmorl (401) who undertook the pathological examination 

 of these dogs, it may perhaps be noted that Heubner was dealing 

 with a mixed avitaminosis. In young dogs, rachitic symptoms pre- 

 vailed, although it is not clear whether the bone changes were of 

 scorbutic or rachitic origin, or due to a combination of both. 



Still less satisfactory were the investigations of Masslow (402), 

 who studied the same problem as Heubner, but on dogs, and on 

 practically the same diet. Although the work was done in 1913, 

 Masslow evidently knew nothing of the significance of the vitamines. 

 His only observation of interest to us was the general emaciation of 

 the animal body on a diet actually free of vitamines. 



In discussing vitamine problems, we must note, first of all, that 

 dogs seem to be sensitive to a lack of all three vitamine types. Never- 

 theless, although Hoist and Frolich (I.e. 36) produced experimental 

 scurvy in dogs, they seemed to be least sensitive to a lack of vitamine 

 C. Schaumann (I.e. 2) fed dogs on denatured meat and described 

 a condition similar to beriberi, with paresis and changes in the 

 pharynx and tongue; the latter appears to be more likely of a scorbutic 

 nature. Despite this, Schaumann (403) held that all these symptoms 

 could be removed by administering yeast, and since yeast contains 

 no vitamine C, he must have been dealing with beriberi. It should 

 be pointed out here that the findings on beriberi in dogs are not 

 concordant. Theiler, Green and Viljoen (I.e. 278) stated that they 

 could not produce beriberi or scurvy in dogs by feeding with white 

 rice; the animals merely suffered from malnutrition. Voegtlin and 

 Lake (I.e. 393), on the contrary, described true beriberi in dogs fed 

 on meat, extracted with soda. 



Karr (404) fed dogs on lard, cane sugar, salts and protein, in the 

 form of casein or wheat gluten. After 3 to 9 weeks, the animals 

 refused the food. It was noted that grown dogs needed very 

 little vitamines A and C, since yeast alone, in amounts of 0.1 

 gram daily, restored the appetite to normal, while an addition of 0.2 

 gram cured beriberi in 8 to 12 hours. The utilization of protein 

 seemed uninfluenced by the presence of vitamine B. 



Proceeding to the rachitic-like disease in dogs, we come first to 

 the work of Stilling and v. Mering (405) in 1889, who fed dogs on 



