THE VITAMINES IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM 133 



Rondoni (379) had already observed that the adrenals were somewhat 

 enlarged, though containing less adrenaline. This signifies a great 

 difference between scurvy and beriberi, for in the latter, the amount 

 of adrenaline is increased. Rondoni believed that the picture of 

 "maidismus" (corn-feeding) is different in scurvy and pellagra. 

 McCarrison (380) studied the influence of a diet of oats and auto- 

 claved milk. While the weight of the normal adrenals in guinea pigs 

 is about 0.467 gram, that in scurvy was about 0.955 gram. Histo- 

 logical examination revealed hemorrhagic infiltration (which perhaps 

 causes an enlargement of the gland) and atrophy of the cellular 

 elements of the cortex and medulla. In spite of the size of the 

 gland, the amount of adrenaline is diminished and has about half of 

 its normal value. The quantity of adrenaline per gram of body 

 weight dropped to about one-quarter of the normal. These symp- 

 toms arise before the other symptoms are apparent. LaMer and 

 Campbell (381), working in Sherman's laboratory, were able to con- 

 firm the results of McCarrison completely. The thyroid gland, 

 according to McCarrison (I.e. 295), may also be found increased in 

 size, due to infiltration. Aside from this, McCarrison (382) found 

 that the bladder had undergone pathological changes. Inflammation 

 of the mucosa and the musculosa of the bladder and signs of degenera- 

 tion of the epithelium were noted, associated with hemorrhagic 

 infiltration. 



As regards the metabolism in scurvy, we have the data of Bauman 

 and Howard (383), differentiating it from simple starvation. The 

 animal were fed on oats, and the inorganic metabolism was 

 controlled. Nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus elimination were 

 decreased, sodium and chlorine were unaffected, potassium was 

 retained, while the calcium and magnesium output was increased. 

 These investigators observed the typical "white line" of infantile 

 scurvy, noted by Frankel. In comparison, there are the normal 

 figures obtained by Smith and Lewis (384) with guinea pigs. 



Through a determination of the alkali reserve of the blood of these 

 animals, McClendon, Cole, Engstrand and Middlekauff (385) showed 

 that scurvy of guinea pigs has nothing in common with acidosis. 

 Funk came to the same conclusion somewhat earlier (I.e. 368), on 

 the addition of sodium bicarbonate. 



Lewis and Karr (386) found the blood and organs of scorbutic 

 animals much richer in urea, as compared with those of the controls; 



