THE INSECTA. 119 



certain appendages of the hinder somites of the abdomen become 

 converted into a sting for offence and defence, or a borer or saw 

 for oviposition. 



Metamorphosis is complete ; the limbs of the pupa are free. 



The Bees, Wasps, Ants, Ichneumon-flies, and Saw-flies 

 belong to this order. 



3. The LEPIDOPTERA. The labrum and mandibles are 

 aborted, and of the secon 1 pair of maxillae (or labium), only the 

 palpi are well developed. The first pair of maxillae are 

 prolonged, and give rise by their union to a tubular suctorial 

 proboscis. 



Wings are absent only in the females of a few genera. When 

 present, both pairs are reticulated and membranous in texture, 

 and are covered with delicate cuticular scales. 



Metamorphosis is complete. The larvae have masticatory 

 jaws, and spurious feet attached to several of the somites of the 

 abdomen. The limbs of the pupae are firmly fixed to the sides 

 of the body by its outer coat. 



The Butterflies and Moths compose this order. 



4. The DIPTERA. The labium (the coalesced second pair of 

 maxillae) is produced and forms the chief part of a proboscis. 

 The mandibles and maxillae are converted into styliform cutting 

 organs connected with this. The maxillary palpi are well 

 developed, the labial palpi absent. 



Only the anterior pair of wings is well developed and used 

 in flight. They are membranous and naked ; the posterior wings 

 are converted into little knobbed stalks, the halteres. 



Metamorphosis is complete. The larvae are apodal grubs. 

 The pupa3 are either inclosed in the hardened larval skin, or 

 resemble those of the Lepidoptera. In the latter case, when 

 the pupae are aquatic in habit, they may swim about by using 

 the abdomen as a locomotive organ. 



This order contains the Flies, Gnats, and Fleas (the last are 

 without wings) . 



5. The HEMIPTERA. The labium is produced and divided 

 into three or four joints. The labrum, mandibles and maxillae 

 are more or less produced into styliform cutting organs. Neither 

 labial nor maxillary palpi are present. 



