40 CHARLES B. STOCKAED 



are the characteristic instincts, such as various hunting re- 

 actions and definite postures, which are found among some 

 otherwise control type dogs, and these, of course, make them 

 unfit for use as controls in connection with studies on the 

 relationship of form and type to instinctive and reflex be- 

 havior. The control, if possible, must be a dog showing not 

 even mild deviations from an harmoniously balanced pattern 

 and with no disproportions of structure or parts. 



The breed which seemed to us most nearly to approach a 

 standard or ancestral dog type is the German shepherd dog, 

 Scliaefferliund, sometimes called police dog. This dog, in its 

 general type, structure, functions and behavior, deviates very 

 slightly if at all from a standard or control type. There is 

 no excessive growth of skin, neither its ears nor lips are 

 pendulous, and the shape of head, length and width of muzzle 

 and body form are well on standard canine type. The legs 

 are long and strong, not too slender nor too short and heavy. 

 In size, the shepherd is quite wolf -like, not oversize, having 

 no symptoms of gigantism, and not undersize. The posture, 

 gait, position of the tail, and the instinctive behavior of this 

 animal are all of the standard wild canine type ; it is normally 

 canine in all its reactions and is an unusually intelligent 

 companion to man. No other dog fits so closely into the 

 pattern which one would imagine for the early hunting and 

 fighting associate of prehistoric man, and no other breed of 

 dog differs so little from the present living species of wild 

 Canidae. The glands of internal secretion of the German 



PLATE i 



EXPLANATION OF FIGURES 



Some of the types of pure breed dogs used in connection with this study. 



1 St. Bernard. 5 Bassethound. 9 French bulldog. 



2 German shepherd. 6 Foxhound. 10 Boston terrier. 



3 Saluki. 7 Dachshund. 11 Brussels griffon. 



4 Great Dane. 8 English bulldog. 12 Pekingese. 



All photographs are of animals from the Cornell Anatomy Farm with the 

 exception of figure 6 (AKC American Foxhound Champion, Mr. Ely's Sable 

 photograph courtesy of Mr. W. Newbold Ely, Jr.). 



