292 CHARLES R. STOCKARD AND A. L. JOHNSON 



Three of these backcross bulldog-shepherd hybrids are 

 shown in plate 54 (figs. 46). Figure 5 is an adult female 

 and the other two are adult brothers. Their size, shape, 

 posture, coat and color pattern are closely similar to the same 

 features in the shepherd. The heads are all very shepherd- 

 like. The bitch (fig. 5) has a head almost identical with that 

 of the pure shepherd in figure 2. When these hybrids were 

 pointed out to persons of wide experience with dog breeds, 

 no trace of the grandparent bulldog features has ever been 

 recognized. Their appearance, behavior and voice are those 

 of an ordinary German shepherd dog with partly drooped 

 ears. These six backcross hybrids were surprisingly uniform 

 in type, and the photographs in plate 51 could serve for any 

 one of them. The mild indications of bulldog features in the 

 head of the F t hybrid, which seemed to partly dominate 

 the long shepherd character, failed to be re-expressed in 

 any one of the six backcross shepherds. If the shortened 

 features of the F x were due to certain single factor dominant 

 elements from the bulldog, these should again appear in half 

 the backcross shepherd offspring. 



The same Fj shepherd-bulldog bitch was on three occasions 

 crossed back with different males of the bulldog stock, and 

 a total of thirty backcross bulldog hybrids was whelped. 

 Thirteen of these hybrids lived to be adults. They showed 

 just as little resemblance to a German shepherd dog as the 

 shepherd backcross had to the bulldog. 



Plate 55 contains photographs of eight adult backcross bull- 

 dog- shepherd-bulldogs. Four of these are males (figs. 1-4), 

 and four are females (figs. 5-8). All were whelped in the 

 same litter and were vigorous, strong specimens, as the photo- 

 graphs indicate clearly. Only one of the eight (fig. 4) shows 



PLATE 55 



EXPLANATION OF FIGURES 



Backcross of the Fj English bulldog-shepherd with the pure bulldog. These 

 hybrids present varying degrees of bulldog head features, indicating that a 

 complex of factors is essential for a complete expression of the bulldog type. 



1 1449 rf. 3 1448 c?. 5 1452$. 7 1455$. 



2 1447 <?. 4 1451 c?. 6 1453$. 8 1454$. 



