530 W. T. JAMES 



specific breeds, nor did he attempt to study their significance 

 in relation to morphological characteristics of the animals. 



The particular behavioral characteristics to be reported 

 here involve the adjustment to food taking, in which the 

 conditioned salivary response was recorded, and a definite 

 conditioned avoiding reaction of the foreleg. The salivary 

 reaction involves a more or less involuntary performance of 

 the organism, while the motor reaction involves a wide 

 range of neuromuscular patterns, and thus constitutes a 

 voluntary action. 



Within each reflex system there is some degree of quantifica- 

 tion. Each one also has distinct qualitative aspects that are 

 significant and will receive emphasis throughout the report. 

 The latter is concerned with the manner in which a function 

 runs its course, the changes throughout its progress, and 

 the end result. The same environment does not affect all 

 dogs in the same manner. There is a difference in the reaction 

 to the stimulus and in the total organismal changes correlated 

 with the reaction. There is, for example, great diversity in 

 the degree of emotional disturbance shown by the dogs, and 

 greater variability among some than among others. These 

 variations, although difficult to measure, are very significant. 

 The specific behaviors are used only as an indicator of the 

 total behavioral complex. No one aspect of the salivary or 

 motor reaction is more important than another. Pavlov ana- 

 lyzed the conditioned reflex phenomena. In the present ex- 

 periments the interest is rather in how the reflex phenomena 

 perform as a unified pattern, and how they differ among the 

 dogs and in the total behavioral picture of each dog. It was 

 considered of interest also to determine, if possible, whether 

 those animals differing widely in behavior also had distinct 

 physical peculiarities. 



Although it was known that the dogs exhibited many dif- 

 ferent forms of behavior in the kennel, the experiments were 

 started without a preconceived plan for their classification. 

 Dogs of different breeds and physical types were trained 



