542 



W. T. JAMES 



At this stage of the experiment the animal stands quietly 

 before the pan, holding the head in a fixed position. It is 

 not disturbed by the first presentation of the mild clicker 

 signal, and there is, in fact, little noticeable reaction (see 

 text-fig. 87, fig. 1). After the initial presentation of food 

 with the signal, however, increased activity accompanies sub- 

 sequent signals. The first conditioned action is an orientation 

 movement of the head to the pan. This movement is slow 

 and deliberate. The next conditioned performance, or a fur- 

 ther analysis of the total pattern of action, is the conditioned 

 saliva. The conditioned postural reactions appear after ten 

 to twenty applications of the signal, while the salivary 

 response may appear after ten to forty applications (text- 

 fig. 88). 



NO. of SIGNALS BEFORE AWERUANtE of 

 COHLXIIONED SAUVftBY QE3PON5E 



Text-figure 88 



When the test signal is given, the dog places the head over 

 the pan and holds it steadily until food is presented. The 

 postural reactions are specific and directed. However, many 

 changes occur as the experiments progress, and it is the direc- 

 tion and nature of these, together with the inert state which 

 they reach, which differentiates the animals of A from those 

 of B. 



Although individuality is shown in the behavior of the 

 dogs of group A, the course of the performance and the 

 end products are the same in every case. The behavior charts 



