GENETIC TYPE AND THE ENDOCEINES 595 



one acquainted with behavior, however, is aware that such 

 is not possible. Some dogs cannot be trained, and it is im- 

 possible to elicit and direct a progression of behavior in 

 them. These dogs are considered abnormal, in that they have 

 special behavioral tendencies which limit their adjustment. 



The first of these to be considered is the extreme "with- 

 drawal" type; that is, an animal will occasionally show what 

 has been termed an extremely passive defense behavior. 

 This type is found particularly among some of the hybrids 

 obtained by cross breeding the German shepherd and basset- 

 hound, and the condition is inherited from certain breeding- 

 bitches, although it is not a dominant factor. Three of the 

 animals selected for training exhibited this extreme passive 

 defense nature. It should be emphasized that this is different 

 from the initial fear reaction shown by many animals when 

 strangers approach, and which is overcome as they become 

 accustomed to the situation. Such animals do not show the 

 extreme passive nature. During the experiments three ani- 

 mals, two of which we shall describe, were handled constantly. 



One case of the withdrawal type was particularly out- 

 standing. This dog, 1301 9 , was a member of a litter of five 

 whose parents were three-quarters bassethound and one- 

 quarter German shepherd, obtained by crossing an F x basset- 

 hound-shepherd on a pure bassethound. Neither of the parents 

 exhibited the withdrawal nature. This litter was made the 

 object of a special study because of the social order which 

 formed among the five dogs and because of the peculiar nature 

 of animal 1301 9 . The other members of the litter, 1298 $ , 

 1297 $ , 1300 9 , and 1304 $ , were in the B-minus group in the 

 salivary experiments and all four were as nearly equal in 

 performance under laboratory conditions as any dogs we 

 have studied. They were observed as a group in the kennel 

 as well. The results of this study were reported in a previous 

 publication (James, '36). A definite social order formed 

 among the animals of this litter, with 1301 9 at the bottom 

 of the hierarchy. This dog was easily dominated by her litter 

 mates because of the extreme passive defense nature which 



