640 W. T. JAMES 



dachshund has many of the physical features of the basset- 

 hound, although there is a great difference in size, due to a 

 difference in bone length and thickness. The behavior of 

 the dachshund is also similar to that of the bassethound. 

 It must be concluded that bone length and thickness is not 

 the basic linking factor of the constitutional behavioral type. 



Originally the dachshund was probably of what is con- 

 sidered normal size for the dog, and the size modification 

 was brought about by breeding to a midget type or by a 

 mutation. The basis of the modification seems to have af- 

 fected the bone size without altering the glandular complex, 

 that is, the organization and patterning of the genetic factors 

 have not been modified to result in a different type, as was 

 the case with the bulldog. 



According to the theory of constitution presented here, 

 it is necessary to consider all possible behavioral tendencies 

 before fully understanding any specific type. Two specifically 

 controlled performances have been studied: an adjustment 

 to food taking and an adjustment to a painful situation. 

 Although each of these behavior systems involves extensive 

 neurophysiological patterns, they do not present the total 

 behavioral picture, and the general behavior of the animals 

 under kennel conditions has been correlated with the experi- 

 mental results. The dogs classified as a pure constitutional 

 type fall into the same comparative rating under both situa- 

 tions. 



At the present time, not enough is known about behavior, 

 or even how to analyze behavior, to isolate every factor 

 and study it experimentally. From the present experiments, 

 however, an indication is given of what is meant by a con- 

 stitutional type. It may be said that these experiments deal 

 with two dimensions of a multiple dimension behavioral com- 

 plex. The characteristics of the pure types and the possi- 

 bilities for mixed behavioral types in these two behavioral 

 systems may be indicated by text-figure 113. Lines AB and 

 A'B' show the position of the two extreme polar types under 

 each experimental situation. The vertical lines erected on 



