596 W. T. JAMES 



could not be changed by training. The initial adjustment to 

 the laboratory situation was never made, nor would she eat 

 while in the experimental room. Plate 102 (figs. 1 and 2) 

 shows the typical position she assumed in the laboratory. 

 A characteristic behavior was also shown in the kennels. 

 When anyone approached this dog, she moved to the back- 

 ground, while the other members of the litter came forward. 

 It is difficult to believe that this reaction was conditioned, 

 since the dogs had been together since birth and had been 

 fed and handled by the same men. 



Another dog with this peculiar withdrawal behavior, 1513 $ , 

 appeared in a litter of six produced by the same dam as the 

 above group but with a different sire, a bassethound-shepherd 

 Fj. A social order formed in this litter also, with 1.513 $ at 

 the bottom. This dog was so extremely inhibited by the 

 presence of other dogs or of people that it could never be 

 trained to walk on a leash. As in the case of 1301 9 , he re- 

 mained in the background when anyone approached. The 

 animal was unable to make any new adjustment and was 

 content only in the familiar environment of the kennel. 



The question may be raised, whether this peculiar with- 

 drawal attitude is based on a definite inherited neuromuscular 

 pattern which involves definite neural pathways and relation- 

 ships with the sympathetic system, which is activated by 

 every change in the environment, or whether it is based on 

 a general inhibition involving all neural processes. If the 

 latter were true, all these "withdrawal" dogs would be the 

 most extreme examples of group A. However, the dogs of 

 group A all make some form of adjustment, that is, they 

 enter the situation willingly from day to day and some 

 modification in their behavior occurs. This does not happen 



PLATE 102 



EXPLANATION OP FIGURES 



1 and 2 Characteristic postures assumed by the extremely submissive type 

 under laboratory conditions. Such animals are untrainable. 



3 Abnormal type whose behavior is characterized by hysteria to every great 

 change in its environment. Dogs of this type are untrainable. 



