598 W. T. JAMES 



with the withdrawal type. The withdrawal reflexes always 

 remain dominant in these animals, making any form of refined 

 adjustment impossible. The behavior seems to be based on 

 inherited patterns of action which are elicited by every change 

 in the environment. 



Still another abnormal type, which occurs rarely, includes 

 those dogs so disturbed by any change in their immediate 

 environment that they exhibit a hysterical syndrome. This 

 involves fear and the elicitation of a vigorous and total pat- 

 tern of escape. Although every care is taken in handling 

 these animals, they remain nervous from puppyhood. They 

 will not walk on a leash and apparently cannot become ac- 

 customed to the experimenter. When anyone enters the run 

 they pull away as far as possible or try to climb the fence. 

 They are so disturbed by thunder and lightning and by inci- 

 dental noises around the kennel that they must be chained. 

 A picture of one of these animals, a three-quarters German 

 shepherd and one-quarter bassethound, is shown in plate 102 

 (fig. 3). Note the crouching position and expression on the 

 face of the animal. This dog has always exhibited this be- 

 havior which could not be unconditioned. In this case, then, 

 an excitatory phase involving the total escape behavior is 

 presented. Such behavior places the dog out of the range 

 of the trainable types of groups A and B or the intermediates. 



BEHAVIORAL TYPE AND ITS RELATION 

 TO PHYSICAL FORM 



During the course of the experiments, certain behavior 

 characteristics were observed which we believe point the way 

 to an interpretation and understanding of the psychological 

 qualities of different constitutions. There appear to be two 

 widely different behavioral types, with intermediates forming 

 a graded series between the two extremes. Most dogs were 

 analyzed in the food (salivary) and motor (avoiding) situa- 

 tions, and in both the bassethound falls into the inactive 

 or A group, and the Saluki and German shepherd into the 



