MALACOPTERYGII 



563 



(ii.) ENGRAULINAE. Mouth moderate or large ; praemaxillaries 

 very small ; maxillaries large, with narrow supplemental bones, 

 more or less firmly attached to praemaxillaries ; branchiostegals 

 6 to 19 ; abdomen rounded or more or less compressed, with or 

 without serration ; no lateral line. Recent genera : Dussumieria, 

 Etrumeus, Engraulis, Cetengraulis, Heterothrissa, Coilia. Fossil : 

 Spaniodon, Upper Cretaceous. 



(iii.) CLUPEINAE. Mouth small or moderate ; maxillaries freely 

 movable behind the praemaxillaries, usually with large supple- 

 mental bones ; branchiostegals 5 to 1 ; abdomen usually serrated ; 

 lateral line usually absent. Eecent genera : Clupea, Hyperloplius 

 (Diplomystus), Opisthonema, Brevoortia, Pellonula, Clupeichthys, 

 Odaxothrissa, Pellona, Chirocentrodon, Pristigaster, Raconda, 

 Chatoessus, Fossil : Pseudoberyx, Histiothrissa, Scombroclupea, 

 Leptichthys, Upper Cretaceous. 



(iv.) CHAXINAE. Mouth small, toothless ; maxillaries firmly 



C 



FIG. 341. Showing the wide range of variation, within the family, of the bones (pm, 

 praemaxillary, m, maxillary) forming the upper border of the mouth. A, Dussu- 

 mieria; B, Coilia; C, Pellona; D, Chatoessus; E, Chanos. In these semi-diagram- 

 matic figures the orbit is represented of the same size in all, as affording the best term 

 of comparison in judging of the relative ck-vi-lopment of the bones of the upper jaw_ 



attached to praemaxillaries; branchiostegals 4, very broad; 

 abdomen rounded or flattened ; lateral line distinct. Chanos, 

 recent ; Chanoides, Upper Eocene ; Prochanos, Cretaceous. 



