582 TELEOSTEI CHAP. 



(ii.) CYPRININAE. Maxillaries not bordering the mouth ; bar- 

 bels absent, or one or two pairs ; pharyngeal teeth in one to 

 three rows, in small number, often very large, and working 

 against a sclerous plate attached to a ventral process of the basi- 

 occipital, which extends under the anterior vertebrae. Air- 

 bladder usually large and divided into an anterior and a posterior 

 part, rarely tripartite, not surrounded by a bony capsule. The 

 great bulk of the family, represented in every part of its range. 

 Eemains of several of the existing genera have been found in 

 Oligocene and later beds of Europe, Sumatra, and North America. 



Principal genera : Cyprinus, Catla, Catlocarpio, Osteochilvts, 

 Labeo, Discognatlms, Psilorhynchus, Capoeta, Barbus, Gobio, Pseudo- 

 gobio, Saurogobio, Rhinogobio, Oreinus, Schizothorax, Ptycliobarbus, 

 Gymnocypris, Diptychus, Aulopyge, Ceraticlithys, Pimepliales, Cain- 

 postoma, Cochlognathus, Exoglossum, Meda, Lepidomeda, Rhinicli- 

 thys, Roliteiclithys, Leptobarbus, Rasbora, Luciosoma, Nuria, Am- 

 blypliaryngodon, Cyprinion, Semiplotus, Xenocypris, Leuciscus, 

 Tinea, Leucosomus, Chondrostoma, Achiloynatlms, Rliodeus, Danio, 

 Pteropsarion, Hypophtlialmichtliys, Abramis, Nematabramis, 

 Aspius, Leucaspius, Alburnus, Barilius, Bola, Neobola, Chelae- 

 tliiops, Chela, Culter, Pelecus, Parapelecus, Cachius, Opsariichthys, 

 Scombrocypris, Squaliobarbus, Luciobrama. 



(iii.) COBITIDINAE. Maxillaries not bordering the mouth ; 

 barbels three to six pairs ; pharyngeal teeth in one row, in mode- 

 rate number. Anterior part of the air-bladder divided into a 

 right and left chamber separated by a constriction, and enclosed 

 in a bony capsule, the posterior part free, or absent. Loaches, 

 characterised externally by a low, elongate body, without or with 

 minute scales. Europe, Asia, Abyssinia. Miocene of Oeningen. 



Principal genera : Botia, Lefua, Diplophysa, Nemachilus, Mis- 

 gurnus, Gobitis, Lepidocephalichthys, Acanthophtlialtnus, Eucir- 

 rhichthys, Apua. 



(iv.) HOMALOPTERINAE. Maxillaries not bordering the mouth, 

 which is inferior ; barbels three or four pairs ; pharyngeal teeth in 

 one row, in moderate number. Air-bladder rudimentary, divided 

 into two lateral halves, encased in a bony capsule. Mountain 

 forms with depressed head and horizontally expanded paired fins. 

 China, India, Further India, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. 



Genera : Homaloptera, Helgia, Glaniopsis, Gastromyzon. 



The recently described Gyrinochilus, from Borneo, resembling 



