Vol. XXXI. September, igi6. No. 3 



BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 



ON THE SUPERPOSITION OF FERTILIZATION ON 



PARTHENOGENESIS. 



CARL RICHARD MOORE. 



CONTENTS. 



I. Introduction X 37 



II. Material and Methods i 4I 



III. Combination of Parthenogenesis and Fertilization 142 



i. The Curve of Fertilization after Butyric Acid Treatment 142 



A. Optimum Exposure to Butyric Acid 148 



(a) Membrane Production 149 



(b) The Effect of Sperm after Elimination of the Mem- 



brane 151 



(c) Cytological Results of Fertilization of Optimum 



Butyric Treated Eggs 154 



B. Over-exposure to Butyric Acid (Partial Fertilization) 157 



(a) Cytological Observations 158 



C. Prolonged Exposure to Butyric Acid 159 



(a) Cytological Observations 160 



IV. Effects of a Rise in Temperature on Fertilization 160 



i. Cytological Observations 163 



V. Fertilizin and Fertilization 165 



1. Introduction and Discussion 165 



2. Conditions where Eggs May be Partially Fertilized 169 



3. Conditions where Fertilization is Absent 171 



VI. Discussion 173 



VII. Summary 176 



VIII. Literature Cited 177 



I. INTRODUCTION. 



The generally accepted statement that an egg once fertilized 

 cannot be refertilized seems to be challenged by recent workers 

 who maintain that artificial parthenogenesis may be followed 

 by fertilization. There is evidently an inconsistency here 

 involved that may be eliminated if the facts are known. The 

 ideas of these different writers are considered later in this paper. 



137 



