242 F. E. CHIDESTER. 



the crayfish which have annuli, the subsequent copulations are 

 futile on account of the presence of the hard vermicular plug 

 deposited in the false pouches by the male. Again, in the lobster 

 and in the European crayfish, As (icns, although there are no 

 pouches, the spermatophores would naturally adhere to the 

 freshly moulted surface better than to a surface covered with 

 accretions. 



The term "recognition" has been used by Pearse and others 

 without a proper appreciation of the fact that we have absolutely 

 no right to assume a true r cognition in the Arthropoda. An- 

 drews has brought out this fact in his statement regarding the 

 crayfish, Cambarus affinis. He says (3): "Sex 'recognition' ex- 

 ists apparently, only in the sense that the male may carry out 

 all the stages of conjugation if a female happens to be seized, 

 but not if a male is seized." 



"Recognition," it seems to the writer, should be relegated to 

 disuse in speaking of the lower animals. The term "discrimina- 

 tion " may be safely used. Arthropoda may use vision, "contact- 

 odor," kinaesthetic or other senses in discrimination without really 

 "recognizing" sex. 



Insecta. Fer6, in a study of cockchafers (n) found that sexual 

 coupling failed to take place when the antennae were removed. 

 He also found that males which had just coupled with females 

 proved sexually attractive to other males. It is not just certain 

 that Fer was correct in supposing that the males were attractive 

 to other males, because the former retained the odor femina. He 

 found similarly in Bombyx that males sometimes proved attrac- 

 tive to other males (12). 



Mayer, working with moths (21), found that the male moths 

 find the females by smell (Forel's contact odor sense?) rather 

 than by sight. Males flew to the abdomens of female^ which 

 were placed near the detached winged bodies. Males \\ould 

 pair with a female minus wings, but would not approach a male 

 with female wings. In the moths, there would seem to be a 

 distance-odor perception. 



Berlese observed that in flies, there was only a slight activity 

 of the external organs of the male, and a great activity of the 

 female. The male mounted the female, but the female \\a> thru 



