RHMHMK AI. M< .\KMI MS OF LITORINA. Ii; 



V When tin- eves of Litorina !i(o>m ,iiv dc-tro\i-d. thcv -till 



' - 



-ho\\ rhytliinic.il mox vim-nt-. <m xvrtical -urface- Let \\eeii the 

 tidal mark-. I ndi\ idual- of Litorina litorca al- o-cillate with 

 the tide- during dark niidit-. 



4. I hiring the month- <>f |nl\ aii<l Aui;u-t. tin- \\riter could 



any tvlatixe cli n tin- po-ition of -n.iil- , ,n 1. 



l.oulder-. It" phototaxi- i- an ini|M .riant factor, a marked change 

 tt-.iild In- expected 1..-. all-e the dail\ 1. 'he tide- a- \\e!l 



as tin- diurnal and nmiuhh change- \ the relative x.lar pn-itinn 

 r.t" the earth. c-.ii-tanll\ change the relatixe ail-le "|" the ra\ - 

 .!' li'^ht. 



5. \\hen it rain- <ui e\im-ed -nail-. tln\ 1 u nt 



just as they do when splashed \>\ the water. There!. .ie dmin^ 



-ic.rm\ as i"iii|iared \\ith fair da\-. a < < ui-idetal >le ditlefeiK e in 

 the ,1111. .unt i.l ..-(illation- n mil: was noted. 



Sul MI -nail- ci ui Id I > <>nl> -liv;htl\ .r nt at all d.in -cted 



l.\ current- \ water. Tin- .intent- \\cte |.i.'du.ed artituialK 

 an'dal-..|.\ movil :ie- \\ it h -nail- t hi ui'ch t he u atei . Mm., 



the ln-haxii.r t /. -m xertical -urlacr luM\\-eii the tidal 



111.11 k- i- not ol .i i heotiopi. natun . 



7. \\heii indix idual- are 1 H hi's'" and dtx on x-rtial -ml.i. 

 dlliin- l..\\ tide. thx ...me to i. "direcu-d ii|.uard." /. 

 \sith their head end tou.ird the -k\ . I hi- i- true lot all -id- 

 of the -ton.-- and i- ..Lxiou-ly due tn the -h.ij.. o| the aperture 

 of the -hell- \\hich make- it tar e.i-ier for e\pn-ed indix idual- 

 lini; ihu- to x ertii al -url.f 



In. li\ idual- o| >KI liturfi are on an average found 



^liiditly higher ..n the north -ide of l.ir^e l.oiihler- than on the 

 -oinh -ide. Thi- appeal- to In- due ier nioi-ture and a 



higher :<n>\\ th ol ln.th al^.e and barnacles Over u hii 1 1 -nail- < rau 1 

 \\ ith dit'tictilt \ . 



<i. SOIIH- Lottie- p.utlx tilled \\ith \\ater and air plus hydro- 

 and other- partlx lilleil \\ith carlion dio\id \\ere u-ed to te-t 



the effect of crawling out of the water into a gaseous medium and 



x i. e versa. N" difference- x\ ere detected from that of craulinv; 

 out of \\ater into the atmo-phen- mile-- SO much hydrogen ,md 

 carl .on dioxid were u-ed that the -nail- \\.-ie a-| >hx xiatei 1 . 



lo. Thin tilm- of olixe oil and kcn.-eUe Were placed on \\ater 



