C. M. CHILD. 



exactly as possible, though this is a somewhat difficult matter 

 as regards the (.'.\tru nuclear phenomena. Godlewski ('09) has 

 recently objected to my earlier figures on the ground that they 

 were too highly schematized. This objection seems to me to be 

 based largely on unfamiliarity with the material. In the early 

 stages of the gonad visible cytoplasmic boundaries are often 

 entirely lacking and the question as to whether cytoplasmic 

 division follows nuclear division has no point, since it is quite 

 impossible in most cases to distinguish cells. In later stages 

 the germ cells do become distinct, but in those stages amitosis 

 does not occur or occurs but rarely. In my earlier work I 

 attempted to reproduce the essential features of the nuclei as 

 exactly as possible. The only schematization consisted in not 

 attempting to indicate an intranuclear achromatic structure 

 except where such a structure was clearly visible and in leaving 

 out various extranuclear details which did not bear upon the 

 problem under consideration. In many of the nuclei the kary- 

 osome alone is stained and the rest of the nucleus appears almost 

 or quite homogeneous; in other cases a more or less distinct 

 structure of strands or an apparent reticulum does appear. In 

 cases where I could not see such a structure distinctly I did not 

 attempt to represent anything in the nucleus except the karyo- 

 some. It seems at least probable that the apparent achromatic 

 nuclear structure is in many cases simply an artifact due to the 

 action of the fixative. In the figures of the present paper I have 

 represented a vague structure in all nuclei, but for most of the 

 nuclei this must be regarded as little more than an attempt to 

 show that something is there. 



Richards's statement (p. 135) that the parenchyma is not a 

 syncytium seems to me to require qualification. It may well 

 be that it is not a continuous s\ncytium throughout the whole 

 proglottid in later stages, but there cannot be the slightest 

 doubt that several or many nuclei are often found imbedded in a 

 more or less continuous mass of cytoplasm. This is true of the 

 early stages of the gonads as well as of other parts. Where the 

 nuclei are far apart they are usually, as Richards states, sur- 

 rounded by more or less definite and distinct cytoplasmic masses, 

 but this is certainly not true- in caM-> \\ here they lie close together. 



