3OO CHARLES T. BRUES AND RUDOLPH W. GLASER. 



Cliionaspis pinifolicc Fitch. From the latter we isolated an or- 

 ganism, perhaps related fo Oospora, but we could not secure it 

 with sufficient regularity to satisfy ourselves that it was really the 

 symbiont. and not a contaminating species of microorganism of 

 which one always encounters numerous species in work of this 

 kind. Just how closely related the symbionts of various Coccids 

 may be, must remain a matter of doubt until a considerable num- 

 ber have been carefully investigated, and preferably cultivated 

 also, but our own observations lead us to think that more than 

 one type of organism will be found after careful, systematic 

 study. 



In the following brief review of literature we have considered 

 only such contributions as appear to bear directly on symbionts 

 quite probably closely related to the form with which we have 

 worked. 



The first reference to the occurrence of symbiotic organisms in 

 Coccidse is that of Leydig ('54) who found discrete, lanceolate 

 bodies which he believed to lie free in the lymph of Coccus (now 

 Lecanium) hesperidum. He described them as 4^ in length, 

 multiplying by buds which do not separate till they have attained 

 the size of the parent cell. Neither at this time, nor in 1860 in 

 his contribution to the development of the Daphnids, did he 

 realize their significance. From the rather large size and method 

 of multiplication, these are probably similar to the organisms 

 found in Puh'inana, which also appear in freshly mounted smears 

 as though they were free in body fluid. Putnam ('79) studied in 

 considerable detail the biology, anatomy and development of 

 Pulvinaria innumcralnlis in Iowa. In connection with a section 

 devoted to the contents of the ovaries he gave an account of the 

 organisms with which we deal in the present paper. His observa- 

 tions were so carefully made that we have thought it worth while 

 to include the following resume. On opening a female at any 

 time from October to May, five classes of bodies are set free, all 

 of them apparently associated with the development of the eggs. 

 These are : First, a clear protoplasmic liquid ; second, clear 

 spherical globules 10 ^-30 /x in diameter, lighter than water, r.nd 

 not taking the ordinary aniline stains. He was undoubtedly cor- 



