CLOACA AND SI'KK M AT 1 1 KCA ill ( 1VRINOPHILUS. 259 



direction, expands both dorsally and ventrally. In the dorsal 

 recess thus formed, the uro-genital papillae are located; at the 

 same level the cloaca communicates ventrally with the bladder. 



The cloaca is a slit-like cavity, and is thrown into well-marked 

 folds, of which, however, only those on the dorsal wall are 

 significant. In the middle third of the cloaca there are two 

 folds in this location, with a median dorsal slit between them 

 (Figs. 4 and 5). The slit extends as far forward as the opening 

 of the spermatheca (Fig. 6), cephalic to which the two folds are 

 fused into one (Fig. 7). The folds, including both their distinct 

 and fused portions, correspond to what Kingsbury (1895) has 

 called in other species, the dorsal elevation. The extent of the 

 elevation is indicated on the sagittal section (Fig. u). The 

 shelf-like area seen below the diverticulum in the same section 

 corresponds to the freely projecting papilla described by Kings- 

 bury in Plethodon; in Gyrinophilus, however, it is not free like 

 a tongue, but is merely the dorsal wall of the cloaca below the 

 diverticulum, and is continuous across from one lateral wall to 

 the other. Since the mid-sagittal section passes between the 

 two limbs which compose the caudal two thirds of the dorsal 

 elevation, these limbs or folds do not appear in this section. 



Cephalic to the fused portion of the dorsal elevation, this 

 structure is seen to break up into three folds (Fig. 8), the lateral 

 of which merge into the lateral cloacal walls, while the median, 

 a slender fold, after continuing forward a short distance (Fig. 9), 

 disappears abruptly as the cloaca expands dorso-ventrally. The 

 entire elevation is pigmented, especially in the region of its two 

 limbs caudal to the opening of the spermatheca. 



According to Kingsbury, both dorsal and ventral glands may 

 be present in the cloaca of the urodele female; but they are 

 quite variable, for, of seven forms described by him, Diemyctylus 

 has ventral glands only, Necturus and Amblystoma have both well 

 developed, Eurycea has ventral well developed and dorsal 

 rudimentary, and the Plethodons and Desmognathus have neither. 

 In Gyrinophilus females the ventral glands alone are well devel- 

 oped. They lie, one group on each side of the mid-line, in the 

 ventral and lateral walls of the cloaca (Fig. 4). The area 

 occupied by glands extends from the cephalic end of the dorsal 



