GENETIC EVIDENCE FOR DIPLOID MALES. 441 



In section III. are given summaries of crosses involving- differ- 

 ences in O and R. Whether one or two recessive factors are 

 present in the mother the biparental males show both dominant 

 characters. 



Section IV., deals with crosses involving differences in the O 

 and W loci, and in some cases in D. Cross a, ooddww females 

 by ODW males, gave 5 black-eyed males i of which was wrinkled. 

 All had normal venation. Since homozygous wrinkled females 

 have bred true in all cases tested by the author there is little 

 doubt that the W is contributed by the father. All orange sons 

 were wrinkled, practically all that could be identified were defec- 

 tive, and all black daughters normal as to wings. 



Wrinkled sometimes occurs as a result of accident of growth. 

 Since biparental males are abnormal in so many ways, as for ex- 

 ample in their rather common habit of pupating without spinning 

 a cocoon, their wings might have a greater chance to be wrinkled, 

 thereby increasing percentage of wrinkled in this class. 



Cross c, section IV., ooddWW female by ODw male, is of im- 

 portance. A dominant factor affecting the wings is contributed 

 by each parent. Of the 29 black non-defective sons, 25 were non- 

 wrinkled while 4 had slightly wrinkled wings, a condition parallel 

 with that found in the sisters except that percentage of wrinkled 

 is higher. There was one wrinkled among the 660 orange males 

 and 3 wrinkled among the 404 black females. Class d resembles 

 this except that ivory females were used instead of orange. Re- 

 sults are similar. Nineteen matings gave 17 black males, I with 

 wrinkled wings and I with defective venation, 637 ivory males, 

 practically all defective, and 360 black females, i with wrinkled 

 wings. 



In section V. are types of crosses involving differences in O, W, 

 R, and in two cases D. In class a, ooWWrr females by OwR 

 males, there were produced 7 black, non-wrinkled, non-reduced 

 males and 63 orange non-wrinkled reduced males. The females 

 were like the biparental males except that i defective appeared. 

 In class b the four differences are involved, two dominant factors 

 contributed by each parent. The 3 biparental males were entirely 

 dominant, the orange sons non-wrinkled and reduced, the daugh- 

 ters dominant except for two defective individuals. Wings of 



