THE EFFECTS OF THE RECENT OCTOBER GALE 9 



pans, and also, I was told, to the west of Portobello ; but as 

 usual it was the Scallop or Clam (Pecten opercularis] that was 

 most in evidence. At Prestonpans they were stranded in 

 great numbers, to the evident regret of the fishermen, who 

 depend much on this species for bait. Many were also 

 thrown up between Portobello and Leith, and to the westward 

 of Granton, but in nothing like such numbers as I remember 

 seeing in these localities after a storm about twenty-two 

 years ago. The Common Mussel {Mytilus edulis] was like- 

 wise conspicuously abundant, and its larger relative (Modiola 

 modiolus] was more or less plentiful in most localities. Many 

 Cockles (Cardium edule] were to be seen scattered along the 

 tide-mark, and in several places, as for instance on the 

 Craigentinny shore, C. ecJiinatnin was common. Near Port 

 Seton a specimen of C. norvegicum occurred, and an example 

 of Pectunculus glycinieris was picked up alive at Prestonpans. 

 The large Cyprina islandica was common between Preston- 

 pans and Cockenzie and some other parts of the coast, as 

 were also Venus gallina, Tapes pullastra, Mactra solida, and 

 a few other species. Venus exoleta and V. lincta were both 

 cast up alive on the beach between North Berwick and 

 Dirleton, but only in very limited numbers. At the same 

 place I picked up several detached valves of V.fasciata, and 

 of PJwlas crispata and P. Candida, but I doubt if they were 

 there as the direct effect of the storm. Mactra stultorum 

 and M, subtruncata were both numerous on the Craigentinny 

 shore and between Longniddry and Port Seton, and in the 

 same localities many examples of Ltitraria elliptica were 

 lying about all I examined being empty, however, for the 

 animal is soon separated from the shell. A feature of the 

 beach at Levenhall was the abundance of Tellina balthica, 

 which shell was also present in a number of other places. 

 Other species cast up, but not in any quantity, as far as I 

 observed, were Tellina tennis, T. fabula, Scrobicularia alba 

 (Portobello), Donax vittatus (Longniddry), and Corbula gibba 

 (one specimen west of Granton). In several localities Mya 

 arenaria and M. truncata were numerous, and Saxicava 

 rtigosa was everywhere common in roots of tangle. Anotnia 

 ephippinni, A. patellifonnis, and Helcion pellucidum were also 

 common on tangle roots, etc. 



