348 VICTOR E. SHELFORD. 



is believed to be of wide application. It has been suggested, in 

 connection with the tropical forest about Mount Marivales, in 

 the Lamoa Forest Reserve (province of Bataan, island of Luzon, 

 P. I.; Whitford, '06) where the rainfall is great. Here the 

 difference between the vegetation of a ravine and the adjoining 

 upland is less than in the temperate regions. The principles 

 are, however, the same as those established in the temperate 

 regions of America, Fig. 6. 



SUCCESSION WITH 



Destruction of the Building up of the 



Mountain Beach 



Eugenia-V 'actinium Pes-caprce 



\ Formation Zone / 



Shorea-Plectronia 

 Formation 



Dipterocarpus-Shorea Barringtonia-Pandanus 

 Formation Formation 



A nisoptera-Strombosia 

 Formation. 



BAMBUSA PARKIA FORMATION 



'Nipa- Acanthus Anisoptera-Parkia 



Formation Association 



Mangrove Formation Pandanus-Eugenia 



Formation 



Panicum-Cy perus Meadow Dennstaedlia-Alsophila 



/ Association 



TIDAL FLATS Protected by bars. RAVINE AND FLOOD PLAIN \ 



Development 



FIG. 6. Showing succession and convergence in a tropical climate. Read from 

 the extremities toward the center. Beneath the word "mountain" is shown the 

 succession of formations with peneplanation; beneath "beach" with the building 

 up of the beach (when it has been built up above high tide, the succession proceeds 

 without physiographic change) ; above " ravine" and " flood-plain," and above " tidal 

 flats," succession with the development and final destruction of these features. 

 Compiled from Whitford's account, with the assistance of Dr. H. C. Cowles. 



Whitford 's statement regarding the climax forest of this 

 tropical area is as follows (p. 679): "The physiography of the 

 entire mountain is very unstable and therefore the vegetation is 

 temporary. With its (the mountain's) destruction, it will pass 

 to a more and more permanent condition and the vegetative 

 types will be altered with the change in the topography; the 



