28O C. H. TURNER AND E. SCHWARZ. 



collecting net. To this the insect made no response; but, as 

 soon as the net approached it took flight. (2) a repetition 

 of the experiment with Vanessa yielded similar results. (3) He 

 noticed that certain Catocalas, which were not disturbed by the 

 noise of a passing automobile, flew upon the approach of man. 

 These experiments convinced him that butterflies and moths 

 cannot hear. 



Deegener's work ('09) is morphological. Between the thorax 

 and the abdomen, on the ventral side of the body of all species of 

 Nocturidse, there is a depression containing chitinous structures 

 and hairs which are connected with what seem to be sensory cells. 

 A careful examination of this organ in Pseudophia lunaris con- 

 vinced Deegan that it is probably an auditory organ. 



Rothke ('09) confined a Limenitis artemis in a cage which he 

 placed on the top of a pedestal two feet high. The sides and 

 back of this cage were constructed of wood; but the front was 

 covered with wire fly netting. At nine P.M., while the front of 

 the cage was illuminated by means of a kerosene lamp, Rcthke 

 stepped to one side and made a slight noise. To this the insect 

 made no response. The investigator then tapped rapidly and 

 sharply upon the floor with a leather slipper. Although the jar 

 was not sufficient to shake the stand upon which the cage rested, 

 and although the investigator could not be seen by the insect, 

 yet it slowly raised its wings until they met above its back and 

 then lowered them again. Several repetitions of this experiment 

 yielded identical results. During the intervals between the 

 experiments the creature remained immobile. After the moth 

 had been quiet for one quarter of an hour, Rothke rapped upon 

 the table with a tumbler. Immediately the insect flapped its 

 wings. About midday he discovered a specimen of Catocala 

 unijuga resting quietly, about six feet from the ground, upon a 

 pine tree one and a half feet in diameter. He picked up a stone 

 about fifteen centimeters in diameter and threw it against the 

 tree-trunk. Although the moth could not see the stone and 

 although the blow was too slight to jar such a large tree, yet the 

 moth flew away. Rothke is convinced that butterflies and 

 moths can hear. 



Observations made upon Catocala pacta L. convinced Richter 



