THE COD FAMILY. 249 



black chromatophores, the future black spot, though not at 

 present conspicuously differentiated. Lastly, the barbel in the 

 haddock is generally more distinct. The vent in the latter is 

 nearly in the middle of the body, whereas in the whiting it is 

 close on the anterior third, and thus the body of the whiting 

 is proportionally elongated. From a cod of the same length 

 the young haddock is diagnosed by the shorter, thicker 

 body ; by the smaller barbel ; by the more evident separation 

 of the second and third dorsal and the two anal fins ; by the 

 longer ventral fins ; and by the absence of the tendency of the 

 black pigment to form a line along the middle of the body. 

 Further, the chromatophores on the sides of the cod are less 

 numerous. 



At 29 mm. the general bulk of the little haddock, in contrast 

 with that at 24 mm., has notably increased, and the shape and 

 curves of the head have been modified. The ventral fins are 

 proportionally longer, a feature doubtless associated with the 

 more purely pelagic life followed by the species at this stage. 

 The pigment is still present in the ventrals. 



From the whiting of the same size it is recognized by the 

 permanent characters in relation to the first anal fin, and by 

 the much longer ventral fins, the second ray of which projects 

 considerably beyond the rest, as well as by the more compact 

 outline, and the more distinct barbel. At this length also the 

 aggregation of the dorsal pigment in the whiting to form the 

 characteristic bars at once separates them. The bones of the 

 mouth in the haddock are also better pronounced. The area 

 above the pectoral with the minute black chromatophores 

 though present does not attract special notice in scanning 

 the fish (haddock). All the fins of the haddock are largely 

 developed. From a cod of the same length, the characters 

 formerly mentioned still hold, but the barbel in the cod is now 

 much larger, and the disproportion between the pectoral and the 

 ventral fins greater. The second ray of the ventral in the cod 

 is longer than the first. The tendency of the lateral pigment 

 to form bars in this species is also diagnostic. 



In the Scandinavian Fishes it is stated that at Spitzbergen 

 in September the young haddock are about 35 mm. long, while 



