PREFACE. 1 1 



The Strecker collection at Reading, Pa., contains a considerable num- 

 ber of types; not only all that were described by Dr. Strecker himself 

 but also some of those described by Mr. Morrison and Dr. Behr. 



At some distance behind are the collections of Mr. E. L. Graef, of 

 Brooklyn, 1ST. Y; Dr. Roland Thaxter, of Cambridge, Mass.; Dr. J. A. 

 Lintner, of Albany, N. Y. ; Dr. George D. Hulst, of Brooklyn, N. Y.; 

 Mrs. 0. H. Fernald, Amherst, Mass., and the collections of Dr. James 

 Bailey and Mr. W. W. Hill, both of Albany, N. Y., deceased. 



I owe thanks in each case to the owners of the collections above 

 named for courtesies extended to me and in sonic cases for lists of the 

 types contained in the collections; all of which are incorporated in the 

 following pages. 



Perhaps a few words concerning " types" may not be entirely out of 

 place right here. Dr. Hagen holds that every specimen named by an 

 author of a species described by himself, is a type. Mr. Morrison was 

 yet more liberal and marked as "type" a number of specimens of spe- 

 cies described by Mr. Grote, having presumably compared them with 

 the actual type. Mr. Grote's practice seems to have been to mark all 

 specimens before him when writing hisorigiual description, as " type," 

 and I think Mr. Grote is right. It is the sum of the characters of the 

 specimens before the describer that makes the species, and though 

 neither may be the type of all the characters, yet all are types of the 

 species. There are thus instances where types of Mr. Grote's species 

 are in two or more collections. This is more especially true of the spe- 

 cies described in his earlier and most recent writings; the first, pre- 

 sumably, because of the greater dependence for material upon individ- 

 ual collections; the second alter the sale of his collection, when he gave 

 away most, if not all, the material received. In the case of my own 

 species " types " are often even more widely distributed. I deem it a 

 positive advantage to have types in several collections, but I would 

 name nothing a type which came to hand after the original description 

 was written. 



The Bailey collection is now in the hands of Dr. T. P. Bailey, son 

 of Dr. James Bailey, by whom the collection was made. It lias more 

 types than 1 have noted; but my notes on the collection are scant and 

 were made several years ago. The W. W. Hill collection is in the care 

 of his family, and is for sale. It contains comparatively few unique 

 types, but is valuable from the long series of specimens accurately 

 labeled with the exact locality and usually also with the date of cap 

 ture a very treasure to the student. Dr. Lintner's collection is val- 

 uable for much the same reason. From these collections Mr. 

 Grote obtained much of the material from which he described, and the 

 returned specimens while not often marked "type" except in the early 

 days, are yet typical in that they formed part of the material on which 

 the species was based. 



Dr. Thaxter has collected extensively in Massachusetts and Maine 



