37. CLUPEID^E CLUPEA. 265 



*Vomer with an ovate patch of teeth; ventral serratures weak; herrings. (Clupca.) 



439. C. Imrenglts L. Common Herring ; " Whitebait" (young). 



Bluish ; silvery below, witli bright reflections. Body elongate, com- 

 pressed. Scales loose. Cheeks longer than high, the junction of the 

 mandible and preopercle under middle of eye. Maxillary extending to 

 middle of eye. Upper jaw not emarginate. Lower jaw much project- 

 ing. Gill-rakers very long, fine and slender, about 40 on the lower 

 part of the arch. Eye longer than snout, 4 in head. Dorsal inserted 

 rather behind middle of body, in front of ventrals. Pectorals and ven- 

 trals short ; anal low. Abdomen serrated in front of ventrals as well 

 as behind. Peritoneum dusky. Head 4; depth 4^. D. IS; A. 17; 

 Lat. 1. 57; ventral scutes 28+13; vertebraB 5G. Atlantic Ocean; abun- 

 dant on the coasts both of Europe and America. Spawns in the sea. 



(Linn. Syst. Nat.; Giinther, vii, 415: Clupea elongata Le Sueur, Jourii. Acad. Nat. 

 Sci. Phila. i, '234.) 



440. C. mifi'aMSis Girarcl. California Herring. 



Bluish above; sides and below silvery; peritoneum dusky. Lower 

 jaw strongly projecting j upper jaw not emarginate. Belly scarcely 

 compressed in frout of ventrals, serrate only between ventrals and 

 anal. Gill-rakers very long and slender. Yomeriue teeth weaker than 

 in C, liarenyus ; usually a few teeth on tongue and premaxillary. Ver- 

 tebrae also fewer, 30 + 20=50. Insertion of dorsal slightly nearer front 

 of eye than base of caudal. Head 4^; depth 4. D. 1C; A. 14; Lat. 

 1. 52. Pacific coast of North America. Very similar to C. liarengux, and 

 equally abundant. 



(Girarcl, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 138; Gunther, vii, 418.) 



** Vomeriue teeth none. 



t Cheeks longer than deep, the preopercle produced forward below. (Pomololm 



Rafiuesque.*) 

 a. Ventral serratures weak ; mouth entirely toothless. 



441. C. s:iy;six Jenyus. California Sardine; Sadina. 



Dark bluish above; silvery below; a series of round black spots on 

 the level of the eye, running backward, bounding the dark color of tbe 

 back ; similar smaller spots above, forming lines along the rows of scales ; 

 these spots rarely obscure or wanting, especially in old examples ; tip of 

 lower jaw yellow ; lower part of dorsal yellow ; peritoneum black. Body 

 very slender, subsiform, slenderer and less compressed than a herring, 

 the back rather broad. Ventral serratures very weak. Maxillary reach - 



* Rafiuesque, Ichth. Oh. 1820, 38: type Pomolobus chrysochloris Rafiuesque. 

 operculum; /Lo/^oS, lobe.) 



