266 coNTKiurriONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY iv. 



in- nearly to middle of eye. Mandible little projecting, the tip included. 

 Gill-rakers longer tlian eye, very slender and numerous, close set. Op- 

 erdcs. top of head, and seapular region with conspicuous branching 

 tubes and stria-. Insertion of dorsal considerably nearer snout than 

 baM- of caudal. Pectorals and ventrals with sheathing scales. Head 

 1 : depih r>. D. 15; A. 17; Lat. 1. 5;.J; scutes 18+14. L. lli inches. 

 Pacific coast of North and South America : very abundant, spawning 

 in the sea. IJcsembles the European Sardine (C. pilcliardus], but has 

 no teeth, and the belly less strongly serrate. 



(Jenyn>. ZiuH. 15e:i. 4 le.Fish. KU: Mchlta witlm Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. x, 

 :;:>": Aloxii nti(*i<-a <Jnl. U. S. Nav. Astron. Exped. ZoiJl. 240: Alaumi califoniica Gill, 

 . Aead. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, '281: Giiuther, vii, 443.) 



mi. Ventral serratures strong. 



b. Jaws with persistent teeth, at least on pivmaxillaries, and sometimes ou sym- 

 physis of lowtT ja\v. 



412. C. chrysocliloriS (Raf.) Jor. & Gilb. Ohio Shad; Skipjack. 







Ilrilliant blue above; sides silvery, with golden reflections; no dark 

 spot behind opercle. Body elliptical, highest near the middle, much 

 com] tressed. Head rather slender and pointed, its upper profile 

 straight. Lower jaw strongly projecting, its tip entering the profile; 

 upper jaw einarginate. Premaxillary, and often tip of lower jaw, with 

 nioderate-si/ed teeth. Maxillary large, reaching to opposite posterior 

 part of eye. Eye large, well covered by adipose eyelid. Fins moderate. 

 Caudal peduncle slender, the caudal widely forked. Gill-rakers com- 

 paratively few. short, stout, and coarse, about 1'.'! below the angle of the 

 arch. Opercles with radiating and branching stria-. Peritoneum pale. 

 Head.;;: depth.".'/. Kye shorter than snout, 4 ; \ in head. D.10; A. 18; 

 Lat. 1. r,L'; ventral scutes l'0-f I, 1 }. L. 15 inches. Gulf of Mexico and 

 Mississippi Valley: abundant, and resident in all the larger streams, 

 and introduced through the canals into Lake Krie and Lake Michigan. 

 A hand-nine lish, not valued for food. 



/...nolHhHxclu-l/vx-hlori.* K.-if. Irhth. Oh. 1820, 38.) 



//. .Ia\\s without |iri.Mstnit teeth; a iV-w teeth usually present on the tongue. 



ll'l. <'. iiKMliorris Mil. hill. Hickory SInitl : Taitnr Ilirrititj ; Fall Herring. 



IMuish sihery: >ides with rather faint longitudinal stripes. Head 

 comparaiively long, the profile, straight and not very steep, form more 

 elliptical than in the others and less heavy forwards. Lower jaw con- 

 siderably projecling; upper jaw emarginate. Opercles rather less 

 einarginate below and behind than in C. nnutlix. Fins low; dorsal 



