812 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Family LICHENOPORIDAE Smitt, 1866. 



Anatomical bibliofiraphy. 1884. WATERS, Closure of the Cyclostornatous Bryozoa, Journal Linnean 

 Society, Zoology, vol. 37, p. 403, pi. 17, figs. 1, 6, 7, 8. 1886. BARKOIS Memoire sur la Meta- 

 morphose de quelques Bryozoaires, BibliotMque de 1'Ecole des Hautes etudes; Section des 

 Sciences naturelles. vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 42. 94. pi. 3. fig. 30; pi. 4, fig. 28. 188S. WATERS, On ttie 

 ovicells of some Lichenoporidae, Journal Linnean Society, Zoology, vol. 20, pp. 280-285, pi. 15. 

 1896. HAKMER, On the development of Llchenoporji verrucaria Fabricius, Quarterly Journal 

 Microscopical Science, new ser., vol. 39, pp. 71-144, pis. 7-10. 1914. WATERS, The Marine 

 Fauna of Zanzibar and British East Africa, Zoological Society of Loudon, p. 836. 



The larva is very large and flattened. It is not elongated as in the other cyclos- 

 tomes. The. ovicell is lobate; it covers the zoarial center or it is placed between the 

 fascicles. The oeciostome is very large. The zooecia are joined in radiating 

 fascicles. The cancelli are placed at the zoarial center and between the fascicles. 



The cancelli are adventitious tubes which seem peculiar to the Lichenoporidae. 

 They are garnished with spinules and are closed by a finely perforated calcareous 

 lamella, Their structure is constant for each species and characterizes the species. 

 Their function is unknown. 



Generally the tubes are terminated by a long, very fragile point called the 

 galea (=visor) by Jullien. The part which it protects forms a trap for diatoms. 



The first tubes issued from the ancestrula are not parallel to it. This obliquity 

 explains their peculiar spindle arrangement in the median sections where their 

 projection on the flat section is alone visible. This arrangement does not exist in 

 the Tubuliporidae. 



The ovicells often cover the cancelli; but in the same species the contrary may 

 occur and the cancelli may cover the ovicell. 



The tubes never creep on the basal lamella. They bend upward immediately 

 after their formation. The abrasion of the lower face of the zoaria offers, there- 

 fore, the aspect of a transverse section in the tubes. 



Genus LICHENOPORA Def ranee, 1823. 



1823. Lichenopora DEFRANCE, Dictionnaire des Sciences naturelles, vol. 26, p. 256. 



The zoarium is orbicular, simple or composite. The fascicles are mono- or 

 pluri-serial. The ovicell is placed in the center of the zoarium. Its oeciostome is 

 larger than the tubes. 



Genotype. Lichenopora (Discopora) hispida Fleming. 1828. 



Range. Neocomian-Recent, 



This genus has been dismembered by the paleontologists into many other genera 

 according to the zoarial variations. Text figure 269 gives a summary of the genera 

 as recognized by Gregory, 1899. The zoologists have never recognized them because 

 the same species is capable of taking a number of zoarial forms and because these 

 zoarial forms do not correspond to special functions. 



The Lichenoporidae are very fragile. They are easily broken. On the fossils 

 the visors are rarely preserved in their entirety. The determination of the species, 



