THE ENTIEE SKULL 471 



however, slightly emarginate. The upper outline is strongly arcuate, 

 reaching its highest point somewhere between the middle and the 

 posterior end. The posterior outline is short and straight, and is 

 directed from the end of the lower outline backward as well as 

 upward. The upper outline descends so low in front that there is 

 little left which may be called an anterior outline ; such, however, may 

 be designated the short line formed by the lateral edge of the nasal 

 aperture. This line has the same general direction as the posterior 

 outline ; its upper fourth, formed by the lower end of the nasal bone, 

 projects further forward, beneath which the portion contributed by 

 the premaxillary is emarginate above and straight below. The lateral 

 surface of the skull may be said to be convex in both directions. It 

 is deeply impressed, however, by a large fossa, which is made up of 

 three confluent fossa? : the orbit in front continued behind, above 

 into the temporal fossa, and below into the zygomatic fossa. The 

 large fossa occupies the entire middle three-fifths of the surface and 

 is limited externally by the strong zygomatic arch. In front of the 

 orbit is the region of the upper jaw. This part is L-shaped ; the 

 vertical portion, composed of the premaxillary, nasal, and maxillary 

 bones, slopes upward, backward, and inward ; it gives attachment to 

 the cartilage of the nose and to a few small muscles. The horizon- 

 tal portion, lying under the anterior end of the zygoma, slopes out- 

 ward and slightly forward. The teeth project downward from the 

 lower portion of the upper jaw ; under the lowest point of the an- 

 terior rim of the orbit is the depression leading into the infraorbital 

 foramen. 



The zygoma is formed by the malar in front and the zygomatic 

 process of the temporal behind. The malo-temporal suture, which 

 unites them, crosses the zygoma obliquely from the root of the post- 

 orbital process above to the glenoid cavity below and behind. The 

 anterior half of the zygoma is higher than the posterior half, and 

 is arched upward, and near the middle sends upward and backward 

 the postorbital process, which is connected by fascia with the corre- 

 sponding process of the frontal. The anterior end of the zygoma is 

 joined with the malar process of the maxillary by the malo-maxillary 

 suture. Its posterior end bears on its under surface the large, trans- 

 verse glenoid cavity, and is continued backward on the temporal as 

 a ridge or posterior root. The zygoma is bowed outwardly ; on the 



