VEBTEBRAL COLUMN 



81 



dorsal surface of the body, and the long- axis is cephalo-caudal. 

 About four-sevenths of the height of the vertebra is dorsal to the 

 caudal articular surfaces. 



The cephalic emargination of the laminae is narrower than on the 

 sixth vertebra. The cephalo-caudal diameter of the body, however, 

 is somewhat greater. 



In size and inclination the spinous process differs but little from 

 the preceding vertebra. 



The Eighth Thoracic Vertebra (Figs. 50, 52, 53). The oblong lat- 

 eral surface of the transverse process is still further elongated in its 



FIG. 54. 



Tenth. 



THE TENTH, ELEVENTH, TWELFTH, AND THIRTEENTH THORACIC VERTEBK.K, SIDE VIEW. 



cephalo-caudal diameter, and its cephalic and caudal ends have hook-like 

 projections. It faces less toward the head and more directly laterally. 



The spinous process is somewhat shorter, but its inclination toward 

 the tail is so great that only a little more than half of the height of 

 the vertebra lies dorsal to the caudal articular surfaces. 



The cephalic laminar emargination is smaller, as is the caudal 

 intervertebral notcl i . 



The Ninth Thoracic Vertebra (Figs. 50, .VJ. 53) is not dillieiilt to 

 recognize. With the exception of the tenth, its spinous process is 

 the shortest of all those which are inclined toward the tail. It may 

 be distinguished from the tenth by the absence of the distinct caudal 

 articular processes. Fully half its height lies din-sal to the posterior 

 articular surfaces. 



The lateral end of the transverse process is still further elongated, 



