XIPHOSURA 



421 



The caudal spine is still a very short and simple plate. The 2 compoun.l eyi - 

 and the 2 ocelli are already present. Behind the 1st pair of abdominal feet the 

 rudiments of the 2d are visible. At this stage the larva has the appearance 

 of a Trilobite, and this similarity is increased by two dorsal longitudinal furrows. 

 The gradual transition from the Trilobite stage to the Liinulus stage is brought about 

 by the appearance in order from before backward of the abdominal leaf-like feet. The 



FIG. :>7. Limulus polyphemus in the so-called Trilobite stage. .4, Dorsal side ; 

 B, ventral side (after Kingsley). 



leaf-like feet become biramose. Gills develop on them ; in the Trilobite stage rudi- 

 ments of gills were found only on the most anterior pair of abdominal feet. The 

 abdomen loses its segmentation. The caudal plate elongates by degrees into the 

 caudal spine. 



Systematic position. The relationship of the Xipliosura to the Crustacea is in 

 any case very distant, since it is at present impossible to homologise the extremities 

 of Limulus with typical Crustacean extremities, or to compare in detail the segmenta- 

 tion of Limulus with that of any Crustacean. The biramose character of the leaf-like 

 feet and of the 6th pair of thoracic feet is the only specific Crustacean characteristic 

 shown by the Xipliosura., if we leave the gills out of consideration. The relation 

 between the Xipliosura and the fossil Hi'min^ii^ic and Gujantostraca is evidently 

 much closer. The Xiphomra, Hcininsji/ilic, and Gigantostraca are themselves again 

 perhaps racially connected with the Trilobitcs. In any case, however, in the present 

 state of science, it seems probable that all these groups are only connected at their 

 roots with the Crustacea. The relations of the Gigantostraca and Xipliosura to the 

 .Irncliiwidea, especially to the Scorpio/is, which is assumed by some observers, will 

 be discussed later. 



Single genus Limulus. Marine, L. muluw.t.ini.s, Molucca, Sunda Islands; L. 

 j,<,/i/f//i< nius, East coast of North America. 



Most Important Literature. 



For general guidance. 



Karl A. Zittel. HandbucJi der Palceontologie. 1. Abth. 2. Band. JMluscu und 

 Artlmipoda. Miinchen und Leipzig, 1881-1885. 



Trilobitae. 

 H. Burmeister. Die Organisation dcr Trilolitcn. Berlin, 1843. 



