xliv . INTRODUCTION 



of waterfowl. The high hills west of the city are less prolific. The 

 heavy forest is cleared in places, offering homes for such species as 

 white-crowned sparrows, juncos, and wrens, while the woodpeckers 

 and forest-loving species dwell in the undisturbed parts of the region, 

 which is as wild as a hundred years ago. Here also is found the 

 russet-backed thrush nesting in the thickets and deep ravines. 



Colymbus nigricollis californicus ; Eared Grebe. Rather common on the 

 ponds along 1 the Columbia. 



Podilymbus podiceps : Pied-billed Grebe. Common with the eared grebe. 



Gavia iinber: Loon. Seen only as a migrant. 



Larus glaucescens : Glaucous-winged Gull. Five species of gull are seen 

 along the river during the winter, but the glaucous-winged is the com- 

 monest. 



Larus argentatus : Herring Gull. 



Lams californicus : California Gull. 



Larus delaicarensis : Ring-billed Gull. 



Larus brachyrhynchus : Short-billed Gull (?). 



Phalacrocorax dilophus cincinatus : White-crested Cormorant. In the 

 winter a species is found on the river about Portland, which is probably 

 the white-crested, but as no specimens have been taken I am in doubt 

 about it. 



Merganser serrator : Red-breasted Merganser. A common winter visitor. 



Lophodytes cucullatus : Hooded Merganser. A winter visitant, less com- 

 mon than the red-breasted. 



Anas boschas : Mallard. - - Very common. 



Chaulelasmus streperus : Gadwall. The gadwall and the baldpate are 

 about equally common, but less so than most of the ducks found. 



Mareca americana: Baldpate. 



Spatula clypeata : Shoveller. Common during fall and winter- 



Dajila acuta : Pintail. Common during fall and winter. 



Aix sponsa : Wood Duck. Common summer resident. A few winter 

 about Portland. 



Ay thy a americana : Redhead. Common in fall and winter. 



Aythya vallisneria : Canvas-back. Common in fall and winter. 



Chen hyperborea : Lesser Snow Goose. One or more species of snow 

 geese are common. During mild winters all the ducks and geese are 

 apt to winter about Portland, but a hard season drives them south. 



Ansfr albifrons gambtli : White-fronted Goose. Common migrant. 



liranta canadensis minima: Cackling' Goose. Two or more races of 

 canadensis are common, but the only species I have taken is the cack- 

 ling goose. 



Olor columbianus : Whistling Swan. Not uncommon migrant and winter 

 resident. 



Ardea herodias : Great Blue Heron. Common in summer ; a few winter. 



Ardea virescens : Green Heron. -- A few herons seen, probably of this 

 species. 



Grus canadensis : Little Brown Crane. Common fall migrant, but very 

 rare in spring. 



Rallus virginianus : Virginia Rail. Like the sora, more or less common, 

 nesting in wet bottoms. 



Porzana Carolina : Sora. 



Fulica americana : Coot. Not very abundant ; nests. 



