THE SKELETON. 57 



26. What bone present in face of the cat is wanting as a separate ele- 

 ment in man? 



27. Draw lateral aspect of mandible and label all features. 



28. Name the bones bearing the teeth. 



29. Name the elements of hyoid apparatus in order. 



30. Draw a section of the frontal bone showing diploe. 



31. Describe the difference between the relative locations of the cranial 

 and facial portions of the skull in cat and man. 



32. Name five membrane bones and five cartilage bones. 



VERTEBRAE. 



The vertebral column is composed of the following five 

 groups of vertebrae: seven cervical, thirteen thoracic, 

 seven lumbar, three sacral, and caudal varying from 

 four to twenty-six. The following six features are com- 

 mon to all of the vertebrae in the first four groups except 

 the atlas: (i) the body of the vertebra (Fig. 22), which 

 forms the floor of the neural canal and articulates with 

 the adjacent vertebrae by means of interposed discs of 

 cartilage; (2) the transverse processes, which project 

 laterad from the body or from the walls of the neural 

 canal; (3) a spinous process, which projects dorsad from 

 the roof of the neural canal; (4) the neural arch, com- 

 posed of a pedicle on either side, forming the ventro- 

 lateral walls of the neural canal, and the laminae, extend- 

 ing dorsad from the pedicles to complete the dorsal wall 

 of the neural canal; (5) the inter-vertebral notch, which, 

 with the notch of the succeeding vertebra, forms the 

 intervertebral foramen for the exit of a spinal nerve; (6) 

 the articular processes or zygapophyses, two of which pro- 

 ject cephalad and two caudad from each vertebra. The 

 former are called the anterior zygapophyses, and the 

 latter posterior zygapophyses. 



The first cervical vertebra, or atlas, is characterized by 

 its large horizontally expanded transverse processes, the 

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