9 o 



ELEMENTS OF MAMMALIAN ANATOMY. 



bones of the carpus; the enarthrosis, or ball-and-socket 

 joint, such as at the hip or shoulder; the ginglymus, or 

 hinge joint, exemplified at the elbow and knee; and the 

 rotatoria, or pivot joint, formed by the articulation of 



the axis and atlas. 



As the knee-joint can be 

 readily dissected and the 

 parts well displayed, it is 

 here described somewhat in 

 detail. The leg should be 

 detached at the hip-joint 

 and the muscles largely re- 

 moved, taking care in the 

 immediate neighborhood of 

 the knee that the ligaments 

 are not cut. There are eight 

 ligaments to this joint. The 

 anterior ligament, or liga- 

 ment of the patella (Fig. 45), 

 extending from the patella 

 to the anterior tubercle on 

 the tibia, is the strongest 

 ligament of the knee-joint, 

 and is really a continuation 

 of the tendon of the quadri- 

 ceps extensor muscle. The 

 capsular ligament, which 

 entirely surrounds the joint 

 except in the places occu- 

 pied by the anterior and lateral ligaments, consists of 

 two parts, a cephalic and a caudal. The former is seen 

 on either side of the anterior ligament, extending from 

 the femur to the tibia as a thick membrane, and more 

 laterally being attached to the menisci. The caudal 



FIG. 45. LATERAL ASPECT OF DIS- 

 SECTED KNEE-JOINT. 



ad, Adipose tissue; ax, antero-in- 

 ternal ligament of the meniscus ; 

 cp, capsular ligament cut and re- 

 flected mesad; bi, tendon of the 

 popliteus muscle pulled proximad 

 to display sc; en, caudal projec- 

 tion of condyle of tibia ; ex, an- 

 tero-external ligament of the 

 meniscus ; ex, external lateral liga- 

 ment; fb, fibula; fm, femur; Ig, 

 ligament of the quadriceps exten- 

 sor muscle ; pt, patella ; sc, exter- 

 nal or lateral meniscus ; scm, mesal 

 or internal meniscus ; tf, tibiofibu- 

 lar ligament ; tb, tibia. 



