ELEMENTS OF MAMMALIAN ANATOMY. 



. 



The muscles in the different orders of mammals have 

 the same general arrangement. Over four hundred mus- 

 cles occurring in the cat are found in 

 man and have approximately the same 

 relative location and function, and the 



/\^ same nerve-supply. The size and the 



,-A shape of the muscles may vary some- 

 what in accordance with the habits of 

 the animal. The pectoralis in the cat 

 consists of five parts, while in man there 

 are only two parts. The biceps is a sim- 

 ple muscle in the cat, but in man it has 

 two well-defined heads. The muscles for 

 moving the ear, which are well developed 

 in the horse, cow, and cat, are exceed- 

 ingly rudimentary in man. The Ceta- 

 cea and Sirenia possess fewer muscles 

 than the other orders of mammals, as 

 they have no hind-limbs. These few re- 

 marks serve to show that a familiarity 



-ac 



flexor 

 orum 



FIG. 53. CAUDAL ASPECT OF THE MUSCLES OF THE 

 CRUS AND FOOT WITH THE GASTROCNEMIUS, SOL- 

 Eus, AND PLANTARIS REMOVED. 



ad, Adductor ; ac, tendon of Achilles ; ab, abductor 

 ossis metatarsi ; eg, external head of gastrocne- 

 mius; fb, flexor brevis digitorum cut at x and 

 turned aside ; fd, flexor longus digitorum ; ft, flexor 

 longus hallucis ; i, peroneus longus ; /. peroneus 

 brevis ; Ip, tendinous loop through which pass the 

 tendons of the flexor brevis digitorum and the 

 flexor longus digitorum ; n, cut tendons of fb; 

 o, plantaris over the tuberosity of the os calcis ; 

 p, tendon of the peroneus brevis ; pi, tendon of 

 the plantaris, whose proximal portion is cut away ; 

 r, tendon of the flexor longus digitorum pedis cut 

 off as it passes through the slit in the flexor brevis 

 digitorum ; s, tendon of the flexor brevis digitorum 

 split for the transmission of the tendon of the 

 longus digitorum pedis ; s, soleus ; /, tendon of the flexor longus digit- 

 pedis; x, plantaris giving origin to the flexor brevis digitorum. 



