78 ELEMENTS OF MAMMALIAN ANATOMY. 



As to the method of walking, mammals are spoken of 

 as plantigrade, digitigrade, and unguligrade. The first 

 mode of progression is exemplified by the bear, which 

 place's its metacarpals and phalanges flat on the ground 

 in walking. The cat is digitigrade, walking on its toes. 

 The horse and cow are unguligrade, as they walk upon 

 the hoof. In some cases, as in the Cetacea, the forefoot 

 is adapted for swimming instead of walking, and the 

 number of phalanges to each digit is more than three. 



PRACTICAL QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS. 



1. What bones compose the shoulder girdle? 



2. How is the thoracic limb attached to the trunk? 



3. What does the condition of the clavicle in the cat indicate as to 

 its past history? 



4. Draw the mesal aspect of the scapula and label all parts. 



5. What is the significance of the coracoid process? 



6. Which processes of the scapula derive their names from their 

 location and which from their shape? 



7. How do you distinguish the right from the left scapula? 



8. Draw the caudal aspect of the humerus and label all features. 



9. Describe what is seen in looking directly at the distal articulating 

 surfaces of the humerus. 



10. How do you distinguish the right from the left humerus? 



11. What features of the humerus derive their names from their shape? 



12. Draw the mesal or inner aspect of the ulna and label all features. 



13. What features of the ulna derive their names from their form? 



14. How do you distinguish the right from the left ulna? 



15. Describe the articulations of the radius. 



16. Draw lateral aspect of radius and label all features. 



17. Describe the condition of the bones of forearm in the horse and 

 its ancestors. 



18. In a five-month fetus of the horse the ulna is distinct from radius 

 and complete, while in the mature animal but little more than the distal 

 third remains, and is anchylosed to the radius. Explain significance 

 of this fact. 



19. Draw ventral aspect of carpus and label all parts. 



20. Wherein is the chief difference between carpus of cat and man. 



21. Draw the lateral aspect of the third metacarpal and label all fea- 

 tures. 



