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There is also the collateral advantage of giving more space to those 

 powerful adductor muscles that assist in fixing the pelvis and trunk 

 upon the hind limbs. With regard to the form of the pelvis, the 

 iliac bones, compared with those in the gorilla, are short and 

 broad : they are more bent forwards, the better to receive and 

 sustain the abdominal viscera, and are more expanded behind to 

 give adequate attachment to the powerful glutei muscles, which are 

 developed to a maximum in the human species, in order to give a 

 firm hold of the trunk upon the limbs, and a corresponding power 

 of moving the limbs upon the trunk. The tuber osities of the 

 ischium are rounded, not angular, and not inclined outwards, as 

 in the gorilla and the rest of the ape tribe. The symphysis 

 pubis is shorter than in the apes. The tail is reduced to three or 

 four stunted vertebrae, anchylosed to form the bone called 'os 

 coccygis.' The true vertebrae, as they are called in human anatomy, 

 correspond in number with those of the chimpanzee and the orang, 

 and in their divisions with the latter species, there being twelve 

 thoracic, five lumbar, and seven cervical. This movable part of the 

 column is distinguished by a beautiful series of sigmoid curves, con- 

 vex forwards in the loins, concave in the back, and again slightly 

 convex forwards in the neck. The cervical vertebra?, instead of 

 having long spinous processes, have short processes, usually more 

 or less bifurcated. The bodies of the true vertebra increase in size 

 from the upper dorsal to the last lumbar, which rests upon the 

 base of the broad wedge-shaped sacrum, fixed obliquely between 

 the sacro-iliac articulations. All these curves of the vertebral 

 column, and the interposed elastic cushions, have relation to the 

 libration of the head and upper limbs, and the diffusion and the 

 prevention of the ill effects from shocks in many modes of loco- 

 motion which man, thus organised for an erect position, is capable 

 of performing. The arms of man are brought into more symme- 

 trical proportions with the lower limbs ; and their bony framework 

 shews all the perfections that have been superinduced upon it in 

 the mammalian series, viz., a complete clavicle, the antibrachial 

 bones so adjusted as to permit the rotary movements of pronation 

 and supination, as well as of flexion and extension; manifesting 

 those characters which adapt them for the manifold application of 

 that most perfect and beautiful of prehensile instruments, the hand. 

 The scapula is broad, with the glenoid articulation turned out- 

 wards ; the clavicles are bent in a slight sigmoid flexure ; the 

 humerus exceeds in length the bones of the fore-arm. The carpal 



