il RI1IDS OF KASTFIIN NolMH AMK1!!C\. 



The Toes are sometimes three or four (the Ostrich has but two), sometimes two in 

 front and two behind ; two in front Miid one behind ; or, in one family (not North 

 America ). all four turned forward. Some families have the toe- joined or fused 

 together for part of their length, as in the Kingfisher. Some species have webbed 

 feel, others have the toes armed with curved talons, ami so on ; but the various 

 difference- with which we wish to become familiar can better be illustrated than 

 described. 



Foot of Sparrow 



I' <>f three-toed Woodpecker 



Types of Feet. Land I'.inls. 



THE BILL. 



The Hill consists of an upper and a lower mandible, both of which are 

 blc. The sliMpe is of liTeat assistance in determininii- the family to which the 

 -pccie- beloii'_ f . I-'oiir principal typo arc 



1. EpignattlOUS. I'pper mandilile longer than lower; the tip bent or hooked over 



the end of lower mandible. (Kxamples: Hawks, (lulls, I'ctrels, I'am.ts.) 



2. Hypojrnathous. Lower mandible, longer than upper mandilile. ( F.xample- : 



r.lack Skimmers, /,'//////7/o/(.s. ) 



3. Paragnathous. I'.oth mandibles of about e<|iial length. 



4. PletagnathOUS. .Mandibles crossed. (Kxample: Crossbill. L.rt'<i.) 



