480 COMPARATIVE ANATOMY CHAP. 



the anus, out of the apical system into the posterior interradius. The 

 mouth therefore draAvs the commencement of the first intestinal coil 

 (Avhich runs in the direction of the hands of a clock) forward, Avhile 

 the anus draws back (i.e. posteriorly) the end of the spiral Avhich runs, 

 as above described, backAvards (Fig. 382, F, p. 475). 



It is Avorthy of note that, in quite young Spatangoidea (Hemiaster 

 cavernosus, 2 mm. long), the intestine, which appears to end blindly, 

 ascends direct from the oral to the apical pole. At a rather later 

 stage the mouth is still central, Avhile the apical end of the alimentary 

 canal has already someAA'hat shifted, and opens through the anus out- 

 side of the apical system. At this stage (Avhen the length of the 

 animal is from two to three mm.) the intestine runs up from mouth 

 to anus in one single coil, as a spiral in the direction of the hands 

 of a clock. The complicated arrangement in the adult is thus 

 secondary, and is no doubt due to the fact that the canal increases in 

 length more than does the interval between mouth and anus. 



Finer structure of the intestinal wall. This agrees essentially with the struc- 

 ture described in connection Avith the Holothurioidea. No distinct sections can be 

 made out in the alimentary canal. That part of it which runs through the mastica- 

 tory apparatus is often called the pharynx. Its lumen in section is five-rayed, the 

 layer of connective tissue forming five longitudinal ridges which bulge in the 

 epithelium. It is connected, in a manner which cannot here be further described, 

 bv means of five pairs of longitudinal bands of connective tissue, with the surround- 

 ing masticatory apparatus. 



The name oesophagus is generally given to the portion of the digestive tract 

 which follows the pharynx (and, in the Spatangoidea, to the whole of the first por- 

 tion of the intestine) as far as the point where, in regular Eehinoids, there is a sac- 

 like widening, and in the SjMttangoidca a large caecum. In regular Echinoidea, it 

 includes that part of the intestine which ascends from the lantern towards the 

 apical system, together with the first portion of the first spiral. In the Spatangoidea 

 it runs back from the mouth and then bends forward, forming the commencement 

 of the first intestinal spiral. 



The cesophagus is followed by the first intestinal spiral, which runs in the 

 direction of the hands of a clock. It commences with a slight sac-like swelling 

 (regular Eehinoids) or a large caecum (Spatangoidea}. In this part of the alimen- 

 tary canal a rich system of blood lacunae is developed in the connective tissue layer 

 on the inner side of the otherwise Aveak musculature. 



In the second or reverse spiral this lacunar network is wanting. This spiral is 

 distinguished, more especially in the regular Echinoidea, by its peculiar colouring, 

 being yellow, whereas the first spiral appears brown. 



In regular Echinoidea, the two intestinal spirals have an elegantly undulating 

 course, regularly ascending and descending. 



The second spiral passes without any sharp boundary into the rectum, which, in 

 the Spatangoidea, runs back from the middle of the body. At its commencement, in 

 Echinocardium (flavcsccns) and Schizastcr, it has a small diverticulum. 



The alimentary canal of the Spatangoidea, which is distended with sand and 

 mud, is thicker and its walls are firmer than in the regular Echinoidea, whose in- 

 testine usually contains, besides mud, a large number of unicellular algae. There is a 

 corresponding ditference in the mesenteries. In the regular Echinoidea the intes- 

 tine is attached by means of mesenteries practically only to the test, and these 



