FKINGILLIMS THE FINCHES. 277 



States). In Eastern North America only two species occur, and one 

 of these (/. oregonm) merely as a straggler. Both belong to the 

 Illinois fauna, and may be distinguished as follows : 



1. J. hyemalis. Plain blackish gray, or slate-gray the belly and lateral tail-feathers 

 white. (Abundant winter resident.) 



2. J. oregonus. Head. neck, and jugulum, black; back brownish; rump, only, slate-gray; 

 sides light pinkish brown; belly and lateral tail-feathers white, as in J. hyemalis. 



Of the western species, J. aikeni is larger than J. hyemalis, and 

 usually has distinct white wing-bands ; the sides ash-gray, and the 

 bill light pinkish. J. annectens has the head, neck, jugulurn, and 

 upper parts ash-gray (back more brownish), the sides pinkish ; 

 bill light pinkish. J. caniceps resembles J. annectens, but has the 

 back bright rufous and the sides ashy, like the breast. J. dorsalis 

 resembles J. caniceps, but has the upper mandible black, the lower 

 yellow, and the lower parts grayish white. J. cinereus is allied to 

 dorsalis, and like that species has the iris bright yellow (in other 

 species, excepting J. dorsalis, the eye is dark brown or claret color), 

 but has the rufous of the back extended over the wing-coverts and 

 tertials. Each species, or race, has likewise distinctive proportions 

 and a separate breeding range. 



Junco hyemalis (Linn.) 



SLATE-COLORED JUNCO. 



Popular synonyms. Black Snowbird; Common Snowbird; Slate-colored Snowbird; 

 Gray Snowbird; Eastern Snowbird. 



Fr ing ilia hyemalis LINN. S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 183. AUD. Orn. Biog. i, 1831, 72; v, 505, pi. 13. 

 Niphcea hyemalis AUD. Synop. 1830,106; B. Am. iii,1841,88,pl 167. 



Junco hyemalis SCL. 1857. BAIRD.B. N. Am. 1858,4(58; Cat. N. Am. B. 1859, No. 354. 

 COUES, Key, 1872, 141; Check List, 1873, No. 174; 2d ed. 1882, No. 261 ("hi emails"); 

 B. N. W. 1874, 141. B. B. & K. Hist. N. Am. B. i, 1874, 580, pi. 26, fig. 5. BlDGW. Nom. 

 N. Am. B. 1881. No. 217. 



Fringilla hudsonin FOKST. Philo^. Trans. Ixii, 1772, 428. WILS. Index, vi,1812tp xiii. 

 Friiigiila nivalis WILS. Am. Oru. iii, 1810, 129, pi. 16, fig. 6. NUTT. Man. i, 1832, 491. 



HAB. Northern North America, breeding from northern New England to Alaska 

 (Yukon district); in winter, whole of eastern United States, and straggling westward 

 (Colorado, Utah, Arizona, etc.). 



"Sp. CHAK. Everywhere of a grayish or dark ashy black, deepest anteriorly; the mid- 

 dle of the breast behind and of the belly, the under tail-coverts, and first and second ex- 

 ternal tail-feathers, white; the third tail-feather white, margined with black. Length, 

 6.25; wing.about 3.00. In winter washed with brownish. Young streaked above and below. 



"The wing is rounded; the second quill longest ; the third, fourth, 

 and fifth, successively, a little shorter; the first longer than the 

 sixth. Tail slightly rounded, and a little emarginate. In the full 



