CONTENTS 



CHAP. PAGE 



I. THE BEGINNINGS OF COMPARATIVE ANATOMY . . i 



II. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY BEFORE CUVIER . . 17 



III. CUVIER ....... 31 



IV. GOETHE ....... 45 



V. ETIENNE GEOFFROY ST HILAIRE ... 52 



VI. THE FOLLOWERS OF ETIENNE GEOFFROY ST HILAIRE 79 

 VII. THE GERMAN TRANSCENDENTALISTS . . .89 



VIII. TRANSCENDENTAL ANATOMY IN ENGLAND RICHARD 



OWEN ....... 102 



IX. KARL ERNST VON BAER . . . . -113 



X. THE EMBRYOLOGICAL CRITERION . . . 133 



XI. THE CELL-THEORY . . . . .169 



XII. THE CLOSE OF THE PRE-EVOLUTIONARY PERIOD . 190 



XIII. THE RELATION OF LAMARCK AND DARWIN TO 



MORPHOLOGY ...... 213 



XIV. ERNST HAECKEL AND CARL GEGENBAUR . . 246 

 XV. EARLY THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF VERTEBRATES . 268 



XVI. THE GERM-LAYERS AND EVOLUTION . . . 288 



XVII. THE ORGANISM AS AN HISTORICAL BEING . . 302 



XVIII. THE BEGINNINGS OF CAUSAL MORPHOLOGY . . 314 

 XIX, SAMUEL BUTLER AND THE MEMORY THEORIES OF 



HEREDITY . ... . . . 335 



XX. THE CLASSICAL TRADITION IN MODERN MORPHOLOGY 345 



INDEX . ..... 365 



