EARLY WORKERS 315 



that form-production was due to a complex of physico- 

 chemical causes, which they hoped some day to unravel; 1 

 but this future physiology of development remained quite 

 embryonic. 



Physiology then had not really come into contact with the 

 problems of form, and it could give the morphologist no 

 direct help when he turned to investigate the causes of 

 form-production. It had, however, a determining influence 

 upon the methods of those who first broke ground in this 

 No Man's Land between morphology proper and physiology. 

 But it is significant that it was a morphologist and not a 

 physiologist that did the first spade-work. 



The pioneer in this field, both as investigator and as 

 thinker, was VV. Roux, who sketched in the 'eighties the 

 main outlines of a new science of causal morphology, to 

 which he gave the name of Entwicklungsmechanik. The 

 choice of name was deliberate, and the word implied, first, 

 that the new science was essentially an investigation of the 

 development of form, not of the mode of action of a formed 

 mechanism, and second, that the methods to be adopted were 

 mechanistic. 2 



Though Roux was the only begetter of the science of 

 EntwicklungsmecJianik, he was, of course, not the first to 

 investigate experimentally the formative processes of animal 

 life. Study of regeneration dates back to Trembley (174- 

 44), Reaumur (1742), Bonnet (1745), and Spallanzani (1768- 

 82), 3 and in the years preceding Roux's activity good work 

 was done by Philipeaux. A beginning had been made with 

 experimental teratology by E. Geoffrey St Hilaire and 

 others, and the work of C. Dareste 4 remains classical. Back 

 in the iSth century, some of John Hunter's experiments had 

 a bearing upon the problems of form ; his work on transplan- 

 tation was followed up in the ipth century by Flourens, 

 P. Bert, Oilier and many others. In founding in 1872 the 

 Archives de Zoologie experinientale et generate H. de Lacaze- 



1 See Carus's remark, referred to on p. 194, above. 

 ' Roux, Die Entwicklungsmechanik, p. 26, Leipzig, 1905. 

 :! T. H. Morgan, Regeneration, p. i, New York and London, 1901. 

 4 Recherches sur la production artificielle des Monstruositcs, Paris, 

 1877, and many later papers. 



