CONTENTS vii 



Fig. 7, illustrating strain in a piece of timber 40 



Fig. 8. Form of a hollow long bone ; difference between bones 

 of spine and extremities in their composition to resist pres- 

 sure, Fig. 9, and strain 41, 42 



Bone of a draught horse differs in weight from the bone of a 

 running horse 43 



Bones have earth for withstanding shocks, fibres for tough- 

 ness, and cartilage for elasticity 44 



(Cancelli of bones, to be treated of elsewhere, p. 99.) 



Fig. 10 illustrates bones as a buttress 46 



Cuvier's "Comparative Anatomy of Bones," Sir Charles 

 Bell's "The Hand, its Mechanism and Endowment, as 

 evincing Design," 1834 47, 48 



Comparative anatomist: the inferences from a single bone or 

 a tooth 49 



Same process of reasoning will determine the existences of 

 a fowl, a bat, a lizard, or a fish - - affords evidence of the 

 former existence of animals not now found on the earth . 50 



OF STANDING 



Compare the standing of a statue with that of a man me- 

 chanical contrivance for standing 52 



OF THE FOOT 



There are thirty- six bones in the foot, with as many joints 

 and cartilages, and they all have their surfaces regularly 

 oiled ; their ligaments described, and process of repair for 

 wear, and how well they wear 55 



The movements of the foot in walking, Fig. 11 57 



Fig. 12, illustrating the arch of the foot and the elastic liga- 

 ment to give it spring notwithstanding these move- 

 ments, when standing the foot becomes immovable; knee 

 and hip joint explained 59 



Fig. 13. How a bird sits on its perch without effort pos- 

 ture of a soldier under arms, one of restraint and painful 

 the order "stand at ease " is a relaxation of muscles, 

 and a sinking down on the left hip. Fig. 14 and its ex- 

 planation 60, 61 



Still further explanation, Fig. 15 62 



