288 Animal Intelligence 



The next important fact is that the intellect of the infant 

 six months to a year old is of the animal sort, that ideational 

 and reasoning life are not present in his case, that the only 

 obvious intellectual difference between him and a monkey is 

 in the quantity and quality of the associations formed. 

 In the evolution of the infant's mind to its adult condition 

 we have the actual transition within an individual from the 

 animal to the human type of intellect. If we look at the 

 infant and ask what is in him to make in the future a thinker 

 and reasoner, we must answer either by invoking some myste- 

 rious capacity, the presence of which we cannot demonstrate, 

 or by taking the difference we actually do find. That is 

 the difference in the quality and quantity of associations of 

 the animal sort. Even if we could never see how it came to 

 cause the future intellectual life, it would seem wiser to believe 

 that it did than to resort to faith in mysteries. Surely there 

 is enough evidence to make it worth while to ask our second 

 question, "How might this difference cause the life of ideas 

 and reasoning?' 



To answer this question fully would involve a most in- 

 tricate treatment of the whole intellectual life of man, a 

 treatment which cannot be attempted without reliance on 

 technical terms and psychological formulas. A fairly 

 comprehensible account of the general features of such an 

 answer can, however, be given. The essential thing about 

 the thinking of the animals is that they feel things in gross. 

 The kitten who learned to respond differently to the signals, 

 "I must feed those cats" and "I will not feed them," felt 

 each signal as a vague total, including the tone, the move- 

 ments of my head, etc. It did not have an idea of the sound 

 of 7, another of the sound of must, another of the sound 

 feed, etc. It did not turn the complex impression into a set 

 of elements, but felt it, as I have said, in gross. The dog 



