292 Animal Intelligence 



them the forces that make abstractions, feelings of simi- 

 larity, judgments and other characteristics of reason- 

 ing. 



In children two and three years of age we find all these 

 elements of reasoning present and functioning. The prod- 

 uct of children's reasoning is often irrational, but the pro- 

 cesses are all there. The following instances from a collec- 

 tion of children's sayings by Mr. H. W. Brown show children 

 making inductions and deductions after the same general 

 fashion as adults : 



(2 yrs.) T. pulled the hairs on his father's wrist. Father. 

 "Don't, T., you hurt papa !" T. "It didn't hurt grandpa." 



(2 yrs. 5 mos.) M. said, " Gracie can't walk, she wears little 

 bits of shoes; if she had mine, she could walk. When I get some 

 new ones, I'm going to give her these, so she can walk." 



(2 yrs. 9 mos.) He usually has a nap in the forenoon, but 

 Friday he did not seem sleepy, so his mother did not put him to 

 bed. Before long he began to say, "Bolly's sleepy ; mamma put 

 him in the crib ! " This he said very pleasantly at first ; but, as 

 she paid no attention to him, he said, "Bolly cry, then mamma 

 will." And he sat down on the floor and roared. 



(3 yrs.) It was between five and six in the afternoon; the 

 mother was getting the baby asleep. J. had no one to play with. 

 He kept saying, "I wish R. would come home; mamma, put 

 baby to bed, so R. will come home." I usually get home about 

 six, and as the baby is put to bed about half -past five, he had 

 associated the one with the other. 



(3 yrs.) W. likes to play with oil paints. Two days ago 

 my father told W. he must not touch the paints any more, for 

 he was too small. This morning W. said, "When my papa is a 

 very old man, and when I am a big man and don't need any 

 papa, then I can paint, can't I, mamma ?" 



(3 yrs.) G.'s aunt gave him ten cents. G. went out, but soon 

 came back saying, "Mamma, we will be rich now." "Why so, 



